Anthelmintic effect of Indigofera tinctoria L on Haemonchus contortus obtained from sheep in Indonesia

Abstract

Background and Aim: Hemonchosis has resulted in huge economic losses for sheep farmers worldwide. Secondary metabolite compounds from Indigofera tinctoria L. can be used as anthelmintics. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of I. tinctoria L. aqueous extract (IAE) as an anthelmintic against adult Haemonchus contortus isolated from sheep. Materials and Methods: Ten active adult worms were placed in each Petri dish containing 25 mL of IAE, each having a different concentration of IAE (at concentrations 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, and 220 mg/mL). Each experiment was repeated. The positive control used 1% albendazole, and the negative control used 0.62% saline water. The number of immobile worms and the time of mortality were recorded after 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. The dead worms were subsequently tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the in vivo study, 15 sheep with an average fecal egg count (FEC) of 1000 eggs per gram were treated with IAE for 9 days: Group A (negative control, saline water 0.62%), Group B (21 mg/mL), Group C (41 mg/mL), Group D (62 mg/mL), and Group E (positive control, albendazole 100 mg/mL). Measurements of the body weight, FEC reduction test, and hematology testing were performed on days 0, 7, and 14. SEM was performed using worms found from the abomasum of slaughtered sheep. Results: The leaves of I. tinctoria L. contained a number of secondary metabolites, including total tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The most effective concentration that killed the adult H. contortus worms was 220 mg/mL (93.33% mortality) after 8 h of treatment. The electrophoresis results showed that the protein band at a dose of 22% was less than that of the control. The highest FECR value of the treatment group on the 14th day after treatment was at a dose of 62 mg/mL. The highest weight gain as well as the highest increased hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and total erythrocyte count (TEC) values on the 14th day after treatment were at a dose of 41 mg/mL. The SEM results showed that IAE treatment caused the worms' anterior parts to become wrinkled with thick creases and cuticle abrasion (in vitro) and the anterior part to shrink along with the presence of aggregates in the worm cuticle (in vivo). Conclusion: The aqueous extract of I. tinctoria contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids and has an anthelmintic effect with decreased FEC, increased weight gain, Hb, PCV, and TEC, causing damage to the worms' body and reducing the protein profile of adult H. contortus worms.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anthelmintic Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Gmelina arborea on the Bovine Parasite Onchocerca ochengi

“…These differences observed between the values of these bioactive constituents and those of other studies depends on factors such as climate, soil physico-chimics constituents, the nature of the solvent used, part of the plant and geographical location of plants [36]. In a study conducted by Ndjonka et al [37] and Muda et al [38] show that the activity of a plant extract depends on the availability of secondary metabolites like tannins; saponins; polyphenols and flavonoids might be responsible for the anthelmintic activity. It is the presence of total phenols, flavonoids and tannins in high concentration which are responsible for anthelmintic activities of the ethanolic extracts of G. arborea.…”

“…It is therefore observed that the plant has a large quantity of secondary metabolites, which can provide a preliminary explanation on its filaricidal activities. Many others studies have shown that plants with anthelmintic activities contain phytochemicals such as polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins [39]. An others studies done by Fatae et al [40], showed that in nematodes, tannins act on particular proteins called gluthathion s-transferase provoked their inhibitions.…”