Antheridogen activity in the fern Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

Schedlbauer, M. D.; Klekowski, Edward J.

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1972.tb02280.x

Cited by 59 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The sex of the gametophyte is determined by the pheromone antheridiogen, or A CE in Ceratopteris (for antheridiogen Ceratopteris) (Schedlbauer and Klekowski, 1972;Banks et al, 1993). Ceratopteris spores develop as male gametophytes with numerous sperm-forming antheridia if they are continuously exposed to exogenous A CE from the time of spore germination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ANI1: A Sex Pheromone–Induced Gene in Ceratopteris Gametophytes and Its Possible Role in Sex Determination

1999

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Antheridiogen (A CE ) is a pheromone that is required for the development of male gametophytes in the homosporous fern Ceratopteris richardii . Subtractive hybridization of cDNAs isolated from A CE -treated and non-A CE -treated gametophytes was used to isolate genes that are induced by the pheromone. The expression of one gene, ANI1 (for antheridiogen induced), was induced within 3 hr of A CE treatment, but its expression was transient. Patterns of ANI1 expression in wild-type and mutant gametophytes show that ANI1 expression inversely correlates with the predicted activity of one of the sex-determining genes, TRANSFORMER5 ( TRA5 ). These data suggest that ANI1 transcription or transcript accumulation is directly or indirectly prevented by TRA5 in the absence of A CE and that A CE inactivates the TRA5 gene or its product, leading to the upregulation of ANI1 . Cycloheximide (no A CE ) induced the expression of ANI1 , also indicating that ANI1 expression is subject to negative regulation in the absence of A CE . The sequence and inferred protein structure of ANI1 suggest that it is a novel, extracellular protein. The secreted portion of the ANI1 protein potentially forms a ␤ barrel with superficial similarities to lipocalins, which bind small hydrophobic molecules such as pheromones, steroids, and odorants. ANI1 may be an extracellular carrier of A CE that is required to initiate the male program of development as the sexual fate of the young gametophyte is determined. INTRODUCTIONThe haploid gametophytes of many homosporous ferns, including Ceratopteris richardii , develop as either males or hermaphrodites (Figures 1A and 1B). The sex of the gametophyte is determined by the pheromone antheridiogen, or A CE in Ceratopteris (for antheridiogen Ceratopteris) (Schedlbauer and Klekowski, 1972;Banks et al., 1993). Ceratopteris spores develop as male gametophytes with numerous sperm-forming antheridia if they are continuously exposed to exogenous A CE from the time of spore germination. If A CE is removed from the medium surrounding an older male gametophyte, undifferentiated cells of the male prothallus will divide and differentiate a hermaphroditic prothallus, indicating that A CE is required to both initiate and maintain the male program of expression. In the absence of A CE , single spores develop as hermaphroditic gametophytes. These begin to produce and secrete A CE into the surrounding medium after they lose the ability to respond to the pheromone. The loss of sensitivity to A CE coincides with the development of a lateral, multicellular meristem, which is unique to the hermaphrodite ( Figure 1A) (Banks et al., 1993). Exogenous antheridiogen thus performs several functions in the young, sexually undetermined gametophyte: it promotes the differentiation of sperm-forming antheridia and simultaneously suppresses the development of the meristem, the egg-forming archegonia, and the synthesis of antheridiogen (Banks, 1997a).Although the structure of A CE is unknown, several lines of evidence suggest that A CE is a gibb...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ANI1: A Sex Pheromone–Induced Gene in Ceratopteris Gametophytes and Its Possible Role in Sex Determination

1999

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“…In the absence of hormone, a hermaphroditic morphology develops. These two morphologies are mainly defined on the basis of the type(s) of gametes formed by the gametophytes (14). The present investigation details further characteristics of the Ceratopteris antheridogen (trivial name, antheridogen C) as well as comparing it to three other antheridogens.…”

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confidence: 90%

“…Such an induction system is called an antheridogen system. An antheridogen system has recently been described for the fern, Ceratopteris thalictroides (13,14). In addition to inducing antheridia, the Ceratopteris antheridogen also induces a male gametophyte morphology.…”

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Specificity of the Antheridogen from Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

Schedlbauer¹

1976

Plant Physiol.

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Characteristics of the fern antheridogen from Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. are investigated. These are: (a) determination of molecular size (it is readily dialyzable), (b) pK. (about 5), (c) movement in thin layer chromatography, and (d) ability to induce dark germination of fern spores. These four characteristics are compared to the same characteristics of three other antheridogens (antheridogens A and B or GA). Molecular size and pK1 are similar, but, the antheridogens are separable from each other using thin layer chromatography. It was also shown that spore germination is not induced by the Ceratopteris antheridogen, even in its own spores, a characteristic not reported as shared by the other antheridogens. However, the inconsistency of spore germination as an assay for antheridogen is demonstrated. The presence of gametophyte-produced ailelopathic substances is also shown.Hormonal induction of the male gametangium in ferns was first described by Dopp (3). He was able to induce antheridia precociously in Dryopteris filix-mas and Pteridium aquilinum. Such hormonal induction of fern antheridia is now a widely documented occurrence (see ref. 8, for review). Such an induction system is called an antheridogen system. An antheridogen system has recently been described for the fern, Ceratopteris thalictroides (13,14). In addition to inducing antheridia, the Ceratopteris antheridogen also induces a male gametophyte morphology. In the absence of hormone, a hermaphroditic morphology develops. These two morphologies are mainly defined on the basis of the type(s) of gametes formed by the gametophytes (14). The (5) was used throughout. Antheridogen Source Cultures. These cultures were aseptically established using 5 mg spores/500 ml medium in 2000-ml cotton-stoppered flasks. Cultures were grown under continuous cool white fluorescent light (about 300 ft-c), at room temperature for 4 weeks, then harvested.Bioassays. Aseptic multispore cultures were again used. Each employed 3 drops of sterile spore suspension (1 mg spores/2 ml tap water). Cultures were established in dilution series. Antheridogen-containing medium was Millipore-filtered and diluted into autoclaved, fresh medium (dark germination assays) or diluted into fresh medium before autoclaving (pK. and dialysis assays). Cultures were grown under continuous red light (pK8, dialysis and most chromatography assays) or continuous darkness (dark germination and some chromatography assays) for approximately 10 days, at room temperature. Cultures were examined microscopically for antheridium-inducing or dark germination-promoting abilities. The dark germination cultures were kept closed during observations. transferred to continuous red light for 2 weeks, when they were examined for spore germination and presence of antheridiate gametophytes. Spore Sterilization and Sowing. A quantity of spores was placed in the bottom of a 15-ml glass centrifuge tube. Wetting agent (2 drops Tween 20/100 ml distilled H20) was added. The spores were shaken into a ...

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“…In order to investigate the biochemical origin of antheridiogen, the effect of the inhibitors, 2'-isopropyl-4'-(trimethylammoniumchloride)-5'-methylphenylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (AMO-1618), 2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), and a-cyclopropyl-a-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methyl alcohol (ancymidol) on gametophytic sex expression was determined in C. richardli. Both AMO-1618 (24,26). At sexual maturity a dimorphic gametophytic population consists of large cordate and small spatulate individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Ceratopteris, antheridiogen accumulates within a population of developing gametophytes and affects sensitive gametophytes, presumably those which develop more slowly or germinate later (24,26). At sexual maturity a dimorphic gametophytic population consists of large cordate and small spatulate individuals.…”

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Evidence for a Gibberellin Biosynthetic Origin of Ceratopteris Antheridiogen

Warne¹,

Hickok²

1989

Plant Physiol.

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The species-specific chemical messenger, antheridiogen Ac*, mediates the differentiation of male gametophytes in the fern Ceratopteris. In order to investigate the biochemical origin of antheridiogen, the effect of the inhibitors, 2'-isopropyl-4'-(trimethylammoniumchloride)-5'-methylphenylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (AMO-1618), 2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), and a-cyclopropyl-a-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methyl alcohol (ancymidol) on gametophytic sex expression was determined in C. richardli. Both AMO-1618 (24,26). At sexual maturity a dimorphic gametophytic population consists of large cordate and small spatulate individuals. Cordates are either female or hermaphroditic and possess a defined meristematic region, whereas males are ameristic and bear only antheridia. Characteristic frequencies of sexual types depend upon population dependent antheridiogen production and accumulation, the sensitivity of gametophytes, and asynchrony in population development (17,24,29,31,32). A genetic basis for this trait, suggested by extensive phenotypic variability, has recently been identified and described (15,29,33 MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant MaterialSpores of the diploid (n = 39) homosporous fern, Ceratopteris richardii from three strains were used in this study, the 2 Abbreviations: AMO-1618, 2'-isopropyl-4'-(trimethylammoniumchloride)-5'-methylphenylpiperidine-1-carboxylate; CCC, 2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride; ancymidol, a-cyclopropyl-a-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methyl alcohol. Plant Physiol. Vol. 89, 1989 wild type (Hn-n) (12), and two derived mutants, HaA48,(13,14), and HaC18 (33). HaA48 is an abscisic acid tolerant strain that exhibits enhanced sensitivity to antheridiogen, whereas HaC 18 was selected for reduced sensitivity to antheridiogen. Based upon the responses of gametophytic populations (maximum percent males) to antheridiogen supplementation in the medium, these strains form a series of decreasing sensitivity to antheridiogen, i.e. HaA48 > Hn-n > HaC18. Gametophyte CultureGametophytic cultures were axenically established according to standard procedures in 24-well tissue culture dishes (14, 34). About 100 spores/well were sown onto 4.2 mL of 1% agar solidified medium containing Parker's macronutrients and Thompson's micronutrients (16) (v/v %) into medium prior to pH titration and autoclaving. InhibitorsInhibitors (ancymidol, AMO-1618, CCC) or solvents alone (controls) were filter sterilized (0.2 ,um) into autoclaved and cooled medium. For AMO-1618 and CCC, 0.5% DMSO was used as a solvent (final concentration 0.05% for 1 mm treatment and controls). For ancymidol, a mixture of0.5 % DMSO and 5% ethanol (95%) were used as solvents (final concentrations; 0.05% DMSO and 0.5% ethanol (95%) for the 1 mM treatments and controls). Severe effects on gametophyte development were evident with 0.5% DMSO and greater (TR Warne, LG Hickok, unpublished data). CCC and AMO-1618 were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. and Calbiochem Co., respectively. AnalysisAt 14 d following...

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Antheridogen activity in the fern Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

Cited by 59 publications

References 18 publications

ANI1: A Sex Pheromone–Induced Gene in Ceratopteris Gametophytes and Its Possible Role in Sex Determination

ANI1: A Sex Pheromone–Induced Gene in Ceratopteris Gametophytes and Its Possible Role in Sex Determination

Specificity of the Antheridogen from Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

Evidence for a Gibberellin Biosynthetic Origin of Ceratopteris Antheridiogen

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