Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions — their nature and significance in flower colouration

Markham, Kenneth R.; Gould, Kevin S.; Winefield, Christopher; Mitchell, Kevin; Bloor, Stephen J.; Boase, Murray R.

doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00246-6

Cited by 190 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In many plant species, anthocyanins accumulate in the vacuole in discrete structures described by a variety of names (Pecket and Small, 1980;Nozzolillo and Ishikura, 1988;Nozue et al, 1993;Kubo et al, 1995;Markham et al, 2000;Conn et al, 2003;Irani and Grotewold, 2005;Zhang et al, 2006). We found here that intravacuolar anthocyanin-accumulating inclusions are also present in Arabidopsis, particularly in cells induced to accumulate high anthocyanin levels, either as a consequence of the expression of the PAP1 regulator or by the addition of the pathway intermediate, naringenin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once synthesized, anthocyanins accumulate in a large central vacuole; this localization is necessary to prevent oxidation (Marrs et al, 1995) and for anthocyanins to function as pigments. In vivo anthocyanin coloration is significantly affected by factors that influence vacuolar pH (Yoshida et al, 1995), the presence of copigments (Forkmann, 1991), and the formation of anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs; Markham et al, 2000). Thus, anthocyanins (or anthocyanin precursors) need to be transported from the cytoplasmic surface of the ER to the vacuole.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps with the Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Vacuole Protein-Sorting Route in Arabidopsis and Contributes to the Formation of Vacuolar Inclusions

Poustka¹,

Irani²,

Feller³

et al. 2007

Plant Physiology

205

230

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Plants produce a very large number of specialized compounds that must be transported from their site of synthesis to the sites of storage or disposal. Anthocyanin accumulation has provided a powerful system to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the intracellular trafficking of phytochemicals. Benefiting from the unique fluorescent properties of anthocyanins, we show here that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), one route for anthocyanin transport to the vacuole involves vesicle-like structures shared with components of the secretory pathway. By colocalizing the red fluorescence of the anthocyanins with green fluorescent protein markers of the endomembrane system in Arabidopsis seedlings, we show that anthocyanins are also sequestered to the endoplasmic reticulum and to endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicle-like structures targeted directly to the protein storage vacuole in a Golgi-independent manner. Moreover, our results indicate that vacuolar accumulation of anthocyanins does not depend solely on glutathione S-transferase activity or ATP-dependent transport mechanisms. Indeed, we observed a dramatic increase of anthocyanin-filled subvacuolar structures, without a significant effect on total anthocyanin levels, when we inhibited glutathione S-transferase activity, or the ATP-dependent transporters with vanadate, a general ATPase inhibitor. Taken together, these results provide evidence for an alternative novel mechanism of vesicular transport and vacuolar sequestration of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps with the Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Vacuole Protein-Sorting Route in Arabidopsis and Contributes to the Formation of Vacuolar Inclusions

Poustka¹,

Irani²,

Feller³

et al. 2007

Plant Physiology

205

230

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“…All of these mutants have an inclusion of anthocyanin in the vacuoles of petal epidermal cells. Occurrence of the inclusion seems to be the cause of the peculiar color (Gonnet and Hieu 1992; Markham et al 2000).…”

Section: Peculiar Flower Color Change By Anthocyanin Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, at least in carnation flower, lack of acylation by malic acid gives inclusion properties to anthocyanin and results in peculiar coloration (Markham et al 2000). These non-acylated anthocyanins are widely found in many plants.…”

Section: Peculiar Flower Color Change By Anthocyanin Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive analyses of anthocyanin and related compounds to understand flower color change in ion-beam mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Nakayama

Tanikawa

Morita

et al. 2012

Plant Biotechnology

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We analyzed flower color mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) obtained by ion-beam irradiation with an idea that a comprehensive analysis of anthocyanin and its biosynthetically related compounds, such as avonols and cinnamic acid derivatives, is necessary in order to understand ower color expression mechanism. In this review, we discuss mechanisms for ower color mutation and deduce the following ideas: anthocyanin and its biosynthetically related compounds are cooperatively and compensatively regulated; multiple factors are o en concerned in the expression of the same color phenotypes; and changes in chemical structure of a pigment induces new properties that generate novel phenotypes. Key words:Anthocyanins, carnation, co-pigments, cyclamen, ion beam.Although ion beam irradiation has been recognized as an e ective technique for plant mutation breeding, this technique tends to be thought of as 'not a scienti c' procedure that depends on contingencies (Tanaka (2012) in this issue). As Tanaka described in the preface of this issue, we are trying to enhance the theoretical aspects of ion beam mutation and show that this is a 'scienti c' and more e cient technique than what is imaged. e main focus of our research has targeted ower-color mutations in cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), whose major pigments are anthocyanins, expecting that the studies of flower color expression mechanism could lead to principle to 'theoretically' obtain mutants.Research of the chemical structure of individual ower pigments is insufficient approach for understanding the regulation of ower color. We now understand the necessity for comprehensive analysis of anthocyanins and biosynthetically related compounds, such as avonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. In this review, we discuss ower color expression mechanism in ion-beam mutants, presenting the results of our comprehensive analyses. It is noted that we here use a word ' avonoids' meaning flavones and flavonols that are so called 'colorless' avonoids excluding anthocyanins. Flower color is classi ed based on two factors: color depth and coloration. Color depth basically reflects pigment concentration. In a mutant altered in color depth, metabolic activity leading to the biosynthesis of the pigments could have been changed at any step in the pathway. Compounds partially sharing a common biosynthetic pathway with anthocyanins are avonoids such as avone and avonol, and cinnamic acid derivatives such as coumaric acid and ca eic acid (Figure 1). e composition of these compounds changes corresponding to the mutated step in the biosynthetic pathway, and therefore, we can putatively assign the mutation step based on the compositional change. e

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“…They were reported to be involved in expression of bluer and/or dusky flower colors in carnations (Markham et al, 2000;Okamura et al, 2013), Japanese morning glory (Morita et al, 2005), and roses with a bluing phenomenon (Yasuda, 1970), so the blue-black granules in 'Sennnenfujimurasaki' may also have such effects on purple flower coloration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Aluminum Ions Are Involved in Purple Flower Coloration in <i>Camellia japonica</i> ‘Sennen-fujimurasaki’

2016

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Flowers of wild Camellia japonica L. are usually red, but infrequently the flowering trees of this species may have purple flowers. Such purple flowers are a highly desired horticultural property, but the color expression is not fixed. Even if a tree has splendid purple flowers in the spring, they may revert back to the red color of a wild C. japonica flower the next year. We investigated the factors responsible for the purple coloration using red, purplish-red, and purple flowers of the cultivar 'Sennen-fujimurasaki'. The epidermal cells of purplishred and purple petals were composed of both red and purple colored cells, whereas those of the red petals were uniformly red. Many of the purple cells contained blue-black granules. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-pcoumaroylglucoside, major pigments of red-flowered C. japonica, were the major anthocyanins of 'Sennenfujimurasaki'. The anthocyanin contents were not noticeably different among flowers of these different colors. Potential co-pigments such as flavones, flavonols, and cinnamic acid derivatives were negligibly detected. No significant differences were found in the Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn ion contents or in the pH of petal homogenates; however, a significant difference was found in the Al ion content. The Al content of the purplishred and the purple petals was 4-10 times higher and 14-21 times higher than that of red petals, respectively. A cyanidin 3-glucoside solution prepared at pH 4.8 was pale red with no precipitates. When Al ions were added to the cyanidin 3-glucoside solution, the solution became purple and produced blue-black precipitates similar to the blue-black granules observed in the purple colored cells. Differences in the spectral properties of the petals from those of the prepared solution could be caused by the co-occurrence of red and purple cells and may be influenced by other Al-chelating compounds and/or substantial Al concentrations in the vacuoles. We conclude that the purple flower color of 'Sennen-fujimurasaki' is generated by chelation of Al ions by anthocyanins. In other purple-flowered C. japonica exhibiting unstable flower coloration similar to that of 'Sennen-fujimurasaki', Al-anthocyanin chelation is also likely associated with the purple flower color.

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Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions — their nature and significance in flower colouration

Cited by 190 publications

References 24 publications

A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps with the Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Vacuole Protein-Sorting Route in Arabidopsis and Contributes to the Formation of Vacuolar Inclusions

A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps with the Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Vacuole Protein-Sorting Route in Arabidopsis and Contributes to the Formation of Vacuolar Inclusions

Comprehensive analyses of anthocyanin and related compounds to understand flower color change in ion-beam mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Aluminum Ions Are Involved in Purple Flower Coloration in <i>Camellia japonica</i> ‘Sennen-fujimurasaki’

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