Anthocyanin Recovery from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Hull using Lime Juice Acidified Aqueous Methanol Solvent Extraction

Abstract

The recovery of anthocyanin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) hull was investigated using an aqueous methanol solvent acidified by Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) juice in comparison with the conventional HCl acidified methanol solvent. The addition of 0.20 mL lime juice/mL to an aqueous methanol extraction solvent gave a maximum total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) recovery of 4.742 ± 0.590 mg cy-3-glu/g hull powder compared to 2.950 ± 0.265 when using an HCl acidified extraction solvent at 0.20%. This acidified aqueous methanol extraction solvent using lime juice produced an increase of 60.75% anthocyanin which suggests that this natural lime juice can be a good acidifying agent. The quantity of lime juice or HCl added to the extraction solvent was found to be a more important factor than its pH value in influencing TMA yield. A lower particle size of hull powder of 250 μm to 500 μm was also found to give the highest recovery of anthocyanin (p < 0.05).Keywords: Garcinia mangostana L., extraction, Citrus aurantifolia Swingle, particle size, total monomeric anthocyanin, hydrogen bond formation *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: chinnl@eng.upm.edu.my IntroductionAnthocyanins in plants have important roles in attracting insects for pollination and seed dispersal, for which it is crucial to maintain an eco-biology interaction and balance (Kong et al., 2003). Numerous studies have revealed that anthocyanins extracted from various plants, such as the Nasturtium flower (Garzón and Wrolstad, 2009), Crataegus monogyna flower (Froehlicher et al., 2009), tart cherry products (Kirakosyan et al., 2009), black and red mulberry fruits (Özgen et al., 2009), purple corn (Yang andZhai, 2009), and even Garcinia indica Choisy (Nayak and Rastogi, 2011), possess antioxidant properties. In addition, anthocyanins have also been reviewed for their anti-cancer properties (Wang and Stoner, 2008). More commonly, anthocyanins are widely used as a source of natural colourants in the food processing industry and for this reason, and their contributive function towards health, studies of enhancing the anthocyanin yield from plant materials have been explored.Various methods have been used to obtain anthocyanins from plant materials. These include extraction methods of fractioned high speed pressure from elderberry pomace (Saebra et al., 2010), subcritical solvent from dried grape pomace (Monrad et al., 2010), and ultrasound-assisted from Garcinia indica Choisy (Nayak and Rastogi, 2013). Despite the different methods, solvent extraction of anthocyanins from plant materials is the most widely employed method and has been well documented in two standard protocols. They are the acetone extraction and chloroform partition, and the acidified methanol extraction protocol (Giusti and Wrolstad, 2005). The latter protocol is more commonly used by researchers probably due to it being simple, fast and effective. It involves maceration or soaking of plant material in methanol containing a small concentration of mineral ac...

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