Anthocyanin-rich fractions from red raspberries attenuate inflammation in both RAW264.7 macrophages and a mouse model of colitis

Abstract

Edible berries have a broad spectrum of biomedical functions, including improving immune responses and reducing risk for chronic diseases. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activities of crude extracts (CEs), anthocyanin-rich fractions (ARFs), and des-anthocyanin fractions (DAFs) from seven berries were evaluated based on their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/IFN-γ-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. ARFs from red raspberries (RR-ARFs) exhibited the highest efficiency in suppressing NO synthesis. The anti-inflammatory properties were also demonstrated by reducing the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the activities of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways were significantly suppressed by RR-ARFs. Further studies showed that RR-ARFs decreased the phosphorylation of IKK, IκBα, p65 and JNK and the nuclear translocation of p65 in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In a mouse colitis model, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced weight loss and histological damage were significantly ameliorated by RR-ARFs treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that RR-ARFs attenuate inflammation both in vitro and in vivo primarily by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. The anti-inflammatory of RR-ARFs could be harnessed and applied in animal agriculture, drug and food industries.

Raspberries Improve Postprandial Glucose and Acute and Chronic Inflammation in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

“…This review reports no studies using red raspberries which is an important gap addressed by the present study. Our observations on the anti-inflammatory effects of red raspberries, especially on systemic IL-6 and TNF-α in adults with T2D can be explained by reported mechanistic studies showing raspberry-derived ellagitannins in decreasing TNF-α-induced nuclear factor-kappab activation in a rat model of gastric inflammation [27], and of red raspberry-derived anthocyanin extracts in decreasing inflammation in murine macrophages [28]. Cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, play an important role in insulin resistance and the subsequent complications of T2D, and IL-6 has been shown to be predictive of diabetes risks in cohort studies [29,30].…”

Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes from a Deep Marine-Derived Fungus, Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2, Cultivated in the Presence of Epigenetic Modifying Agents

“…After 10 min, the reaction products were colorimetrically quantified at 550 nm using a microplate reader (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA). The concentrations of nitrite were calculated by using a standard calibration curve [29,30].…”

Protective Role of Dietary Berries in Cancer

“…In various systems, berries have been shown to down-regulate all major inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, iNOS, COX-2, PGE 2 , NF-κB and p-p65 [24,25,26,27]. For example, anti-inflammatory pathways that have been shown induced by berry derived anthocyanin rich extracts include the reduction of expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β and IL-6 in RAW264.7 macrophages [28]. In this regard, inflammation suppression may lead to protection against cancer occurrence and/or progression.…”