Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins: Chemical Structures, Food Sources, Bioactivities, and Product Development

Qi, Qianqian; Chu, Mei‐Jun; Yu, Xiu-Ting; Xie, Yanning; Li, Yali; Du, Yongmei; Liu, Xinmin; Zhang, Zhongfeng; Shi, John; Ning, Yan

doi:10.1080/87559129.2022.2029479

Cited by 118 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…Here, we detected the bioactive compounds, including total phenolic, total flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin content ( Table 1 ). These data demonstrated that 50% ethanol extract of red rice bran contains various essential bioactive compounds similar to other colored rice extracts [ 34 , 35 ], showing antioxidant activity and an anti-inflammatory effect [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. According to previous results [ 25 , 39 ], 40–70% ethanol extract had high total phenolic content (TPC) and exerted in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Rice Bran Extract Ameliorate Type I Interferon Production via STING Pathway

Onsa-ard

Thongboontho

Munkong

et al. 2022

Foods

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Type I interferons (IFNs-I) are inflammatory cytokines that play an essential role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Signaling through nucleic acid sensors causes the production of IFNs-I. A stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a DNA sensor that signals transduction, leading to the production of IFNs-I after their activation. This study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of red rice bran extract (RRBE) on macrophages through the activation of STING signaling. RAW264.7 macrophage cells were stimulated with STING agonist (DMXAA) with and without RRBE. Cells and supernatant were collected. The level of mRNA expression was determined by qPCR, and inflammatory cytokine production was investigated by ELISA. The results indicate that RRBE significantly lowers the transcription of Sting and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Moreover, RRBE suppresses the phosphorylation of STING, leading to a decrease in the expression of Irf3, a transcription factor that initiates IFN-I signaling. Our results provide evidence that red rice bran extract may be a protective compound for inflammatory diseases by targeting STING signaling.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Rice Bran Extract Ameliorate Type I Interferon Production via STING Pathway

Onsa-ard

Thongboontho

Munkong

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…Furthermore, anthocyanins are proved with potential health advantages [11,12]. Due to its antioxidant properties, anthocyanins play essential roles in improving human immunity, body weight regulation, anti-aging, anti-cancer, and other health fields [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An R3-MYB repressor, BnCPC forms a feedback regulation with MBW complex to modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Brassica napus

Xie

Zan

Chen

et al. 2022

Biotechnol Biofuels

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Background Anthocyanins are metabolites of phenylpropanoid pathway, and involves in diverse processes of plant development and adaptation, which are regulated by the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) protein complexes. Many R2R3-MYB activators have been well characterized, but the MYB repressors in anthocyanin biosynthesis were recognized recently, which are also important in modulating phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants. The regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in oil crop Brassica napus remains to be revealed. Results In this study, we identified an anthocyanin repressor BnCPC in B. napus. BnCPC encoded a typical R3-MYB protein containing a conserved [D/E]Lx2[R/K]x3Lx6Lx3R motif for interaction with bHLH proteins. Overexpression of BnCPC in B. napus inhibited anthocyanin accumulation, especially under anthocyanin inducible conditions. Protein–protein interaction and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that BnCPC could compete with BnPAP1 to interact with bHLHs (BnTT8 and BnEGL3), and repress the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (e.g., BnDFR) that activated by MBW complexes. Moreover, we found BnCPC inhibited the MBW complex-induced BnCPC activity. Conclusions Overall, this research demonstrated that BnCPC repressed anthocyanin biosynthesis by affecting the formation of MBW complex, and formed a feedback loop to regulate anthocyanin accumulation in B. napus.

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“…Anthocyanins are natural flavonoid compounds formed by combining at least one glucose, galactose, rhamnose or arabinose molecules with the 3 or 5 hydroxyl group of the anthocyanidins C or A ring ( Figure 1 and Table 1 ), as a water-soluble pigment, widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and corresponding foods or drinks [ 1 , 2 ]. The anthocyanins in wine are mainly derived from grapes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The growing body of preclinical, clinical and observational evidence supports the potential physiologically active properties of anthocyanins and their derivatives, including anti-oxidation [ 2 , 5 , 8 ], anti-inflammatory [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], reducing the probability of cancer occurrence and recurrence [ 12 ], preventing and improving cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [ 13 , 14 ], neuroprotection [ 15 , 16 ]. Few anthocyanins are digested by epithelial cells and bacteria, and most of them enter the stomach where anthocyanin glycosides were quickly and efficiently absorbed and rapidly excreted into intestinal tract as intact and metabolized forms [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylation, Hydroxylation, Glycosylation and Acylation Affect the Transport of Wine Anthocyanins in Caco-2 Cells

Liu

Lin

Tien

et al. 2022

Foods

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Anthocyanins are substances with multiple physiological activities widely present in red wine, but the influence of structure (methylation, hydroxylation, acylation, glycosylation) on the transport remains ill-defined. In the present study, Caco-2 monolayers were used as an in vitro model of the absorptive intestinal epithelium to transport different types of anthocyanin samples. Results showed that both methylation and acetylation promote the level of transport. Monoglycoside standard exhibited higher transport amount and rate compared to diglycoside standard while the transport level of the monoglycoside mixture was unexpectedly lower than that of the diglycoside mixture. Caco-2 monolayers appeared to be more capable of transporting the single standard than the mixed standard. Meanwhile, the transport of anthocyanins in Caco-2 cell model showed time- and concentration-dependent trends. Anthocyanin treatment had a greater effect on sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) mRNA expression than glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and significantly down-regulated the protein expression of SGLT1. Although the low bioavailability of anthocyanins requires much more research, further evidence of the role of structure is provided.

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Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins: Chemical Structures, Food Sources, Bioactivities, and Product Development

Cited by 118 publications

References 164 publications

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Rice Bran Extract Ameliorate Type I Interferon Production via STING Pathway

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Rice Bran Extract Ameliorate Type I Interferon Production via STING Pathway

An R3-MYB repressor, BnCPC forms a feedback regulation with MBW complex to modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Brassica napus

Methylation, Hydroxylation, Glycosylation and Acylation Affect the Transport of Wine Anthocyanins in Caco-2 Cells

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