Anthocyanins of Crowberry, Empetrum nigrum coll.

Abstract

Anthocyanins of northern crowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Biicker) were extracted from the berry with acidified ethanol and purified with solvent extractions and ion exchange chromatography. Separation of anthocyanins and analysis of aglycones were carried out with HPLC. Glycosidic units were analyzed with GLC-MS. Twelve nonacylated monosides were found: glucoside, galactoside and arabinoside of delphinidin and petunidin, and galactoside and arabinoside of cyanidin, peonidin and malvidin. Three main anthocyanins were galactosides of cyanidin, delphinidin and malvidin which formed about 60% of total anthocyanins.

Alaskan Wild Berry Resources and Human Health under the Cloud of Climate Change

“…EN-AK (Figure 2E) had two major species present - delphinidin-3-galactoside (peak 1) and cyanidin-3-galactoside (peak 2) - while EN-PH (Figure 2F) possessed three major species - delphinidin-3-galactoside (peak 1), cyanidin-3-galactoside (peak 2), and malvidin-3-galactoside (peak 8). These results agree with other E. nigrum studies (65-67). The chromatograph of EN-SD (Figure 2G) contained a third delphinidin (delphinidin-3-arabinoside, peak 2), an additional petunidin residue (petunidin-3-glucoside, peak 8), and peonidin-3-arabinoside, which eluted immediately after malvidin-3-glucoside (65).…”

Flavonoids, sugars and fruit acids of alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina) from Finnish Lapland

“…In addition to cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, also cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside appeared in crowberry and bilberry with the same retention times and UV-VIS wavelength maxima as in the alpine bearberry sample. These findings are in agreement with the previously published results concerning anthocyanins in crowberry and bilberry (Buchert et al, 2005;Kärppä et al, 1984;Laaksonen et al, 2010Laaksonen et al, , 2011Lätti et al, 2008;Ogawa et al, 2008). The aglycones of the anthocyanidins were investigated after acid hydrolysis.…”

“…They are also believed to provide a broad variety of health benefits (Galvano et al, 2004;Yi, Akoh, Fishcer, & Krewer, 2006;Zafra-Stone et al, 2007). Although the existence of anthocyanins in certain northern wild berries such as bilberry (Buchert et al, 2005;Häkkinen et al, 1999;Laaksonen, Sandell, & Kallio, 2010;Lätti, Riihinen, & Kainulainen, 2008) and crowberry (Kärppä, Kallio, Peltonen, & Linko, 1984;Laaksonen, Sandell, Järvinen, & Kallio, 2011;Ogawa et al, 2008) has been known for some time, this is the first study of the anthocyanins of alpine bearberry.…”

“…In the MS-analyses (full scan), data were acquired over a mass range of m/z 250-700. The UV-VIS and mass spectra, retention times, reference berries and compounds, as well as literature data (Buchert et al, 2005;Kärppä et al, 1984;Koponen et al, 2008;Laaksonen et al, 2011Laaksonen et al, , 2010Lätti et al, 2008;Määttä, Kamal-Eldin, & Törrönen, 2003;Määttä et al, 2001;Määttä-Riihinen, Kamal-Eldin, Mattila, Gonzalez-Paramas, & Törrönen, 2004;Ogawa et al, 2008;Sandell et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2004) were used for identification.…”

Black Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum L.) Flavonoids and Their Health Promoting Activity

“…The fruit of black crowberry also represents a valuable source of anthocyanins (460 mg/100 g FW fruit) [19]. The content of flavonoids (as the predominant group of polyphenols) as catechin equivalent (CE)/g DW of fresh and dried Empetrum fruits was 2.46 ± 0.01 and 3.94 ± 0.106 mg CE/g DW, respectively [18].…”