Anthropogenic aerosols and gases in the lower troposphere at Alert Canada in April 1986

Barrie, Leonard A.; Hartog, G. Den; Bottenheim, J. W.; Landsberger, Sheldon

doi:10.1007/bf00052827

Cited by 134 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The composition of dust is far more variable than that of sea salt; thus, no single enrichment ratio can be determined for each analyte mass ratio as loaded on to Factor 2. However, the modelled mass ratios of Al to Mg 2+ , K + , V, Cu, As, Se, Sb, and Pb all appear realistic when compared with a variety of crustal sources, with calculated enrichment ratios in the range of 1 to 15 (Taylor, 1964;Barrie et al, 1989;Masson-Delmotte et al, 2013). Specifically, the modelled mass ratio of As / Al (0.00081 m/m) was seen to be closer to that of local soils (0.00013) (Barrie et al, 1989) than the global typical composition (0.00002) (Taylor, 1964;Masson-Delmotte et al, 2013) with enrichment ratios of 6 and 37, respectively (6.3-9.5 and 37-58 25th-75th percentiles per bootstrapping analysis).…”

Section: Factor 2: Crustal Metalsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…BC is a combustion product from both fossil fuel and biomass burning. While NH + 4 is more commonly associated with agricultural emissions, it can also be produced by biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and some industrial activities (Behera et al, 2013). Most conspicuous in the composition of Factor 3 was the absence of K + , considered to be a tracer of biomass burning which can be a significant source of BC.…”

Section: Factor 3: Black Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporally delineated sources of major chemical species in high Arctic snow

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Long-range transport of aerosol from lower latitudes to the high Arctic may be a significant contributor to climate forcing in the Arctic. To identify the sources of key contaminants entering the Canadian High Arctic an intensive campaign of snow sampling was completed at Alert, Nunavut, from September 2014 to June 2015. Fresh snow samples collected every few days were analyzed for black carbon, major ions, and metals, and this rich data set provided an opportunity for a temporally refined source apportionment of snow composition via positive matrix factorization (PMF) in conjunction with FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) potential emission sensitivity analysis. Seven source factors were identified: sea salt, crustal metals, black carbon, carboxylic acids, nitrate, noncrustal metals, and sulfate. The sea salt and crustal factors showed good agreement with expected composition and primarily northern sources. High loadings of V and Se onto Factor 2, crustal metals, was consistent with expected elemental ratios, implying these metals were not primarily anthropogenic in origin. Factor 3, black carbon, was an acidic factor dominated by black carbon but with some sulfate contribution over the winter-haze season. The lack of K + associated with this factor, a Eurasian source, and limited known forest fire events coincident with this factor's peak suggested a predominantly anthropogenic combustion source. Factor 4, carboxylic acids, was dominated by formate and acetate with a moderate correlation to available sunlight and an oceanic and North American source. A robust identification of this factor was not possible; however, atmospheric photochemical reactions, ocean microlayer reaction, and biomass burning were explored as potential contributors. Factor 5, nitrate, was an acidic factor dominated by NO − 3 , with a likely Eurasian source and mid-winter peak. The isolation of NO − 3 on a separate factor may reflect its complex atmospheric processing, though the associated source region suggests possibly anthropogenic precursors. Factor 6, non-crustal metals, showed heightened loadings of Sb, Pb, and As, and correlation with other metals traditionally associated with industrial activities. Similar to Factor 3 and 5, this factor appeared to be largely Eurasian in origin. Factor 7, sulfate, was dominated by SO 2− 4 and MS with a fall peak and high acidity. Coincident volcanic activity and northern source regions may suggest a processed SO 2 source of this factor.

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Section: Factor 2: Crustal Metalsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Factor 3: Black Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporally delineated sources of major chemical species in high Arctic snow

et al. 2018

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“…At higher northern latitudes PAN contributed up to 90% of measured NO W (e.g. Barrie et al, 1989;Solberg et al, 1997) inferring high PAN to NO V ratios. However, these high ratios were normally found during early springtime.…”

Section: No W Budgetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arctic, or middle and upper troposphere). Concurrent observations of PAN and the sum of reactive nitrogen (NO W ) have revealed that PAN can constitute up to 90% of the total NO W budget at higher northern latitudes or higher altitudes (Bottenheim et al, , 1993Barrie et al, 1989;Bottenheim and Gallant, 1989;Muthuramu et al, 1994;Solberg et al, 1997;Sandholm et al, 1992;Singh et al, 1994Singh et al, , 1998Bradshaw et al, 1998;Talbot et al, 1999). Despite lower PAN concentration at lower altitudes in remote marine areas, its decomposition has been found to be su$cient to maintain observed NO V ( "NO#NO ) mixing ratios (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in the Antarctic troposphere measured during the photochemical experiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99)

Jacobi

Weller

Jones

et al. 2000

Atmospheric Environment

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Because investigations of PAN at higher southern latitudes are very scarce, we measured surface PAN concentrations for the "rst time in Antarctica. During the Photochemical Experiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99) campaign mean surface PAN mixing ratios of 13$7 pptv and maximum values of 48 pptv were found. When these PAN mixing ratios were compared to the sum of NO V and inorganic nitrate they were found to be equal or higher. Low ambient air temperatures and low PAN concentrations caused a slow homogeneous PAN decomposition rate of approximately 5;10\ pptv h\ . These slow decay rates were not su$cient to "rmly establish the simultaneously observed NO V concentrations. In addition, low concentration ratios of [HNO ]/[NO V ] imply that the photochemical production of NO V within the snow pack can in#uence surface NO V mixing ratios in Antarctica. Alternate measurements of PAN mixing ratios at two di!erent heights above the snow surface were performed to derive #uxes between the lower troposphere and the underlying snow pack using calculated friction velocities. Most of the concentration di!erences were below the precision of the measurements. Therefore, only an upper limit for the PAN #ux of $1;10 molecules m\ s\ without a predominant direction can be estimated. However, PAN #uxes below this limit can still in#uence both the transfer of nitrogen compounds between atmosphere and ice, and the PAN budget in higher southern latitudes.

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“…The first and third modes usually exist for desert aerosols (Patterson and Gillette, 1977;Jaenicke and Schiitz,1978), with the first mode being mainly secondary particles, and the third mode soil dust. The second mode, however, is probably an instrumental artifact (Finalayson-Pitts and Pitts, 1986;Barrie et al, 1989), induced by the uncertainty of Mie scattering. Since the scattering complexity in this size range leads to a non-linear response of optical instrument to the particle size.…”

Section: Size Distributions O F Desert Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 99%