Anthropogenic and natural CO2 emission sources in an arid urban environment

Koerner, Brenda A.; Klopatek, Jeffrey M.

doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00246-9

Cited by 161 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…They estimated that 61% of soil CO 2 emissions came from agricultural lands and that human respiration alone contributed as much CO 2 as five power plants. Koerner and Klopatek (2002) noted, as we have above, that respiration from humans is not a net source of CO 2 to the atmosphere, but that humans have a dramatic effect on the carbon balance and the transfer of carbon between regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…In completing a carbon budget for a single US city (Phoenix, Arizona), Koerner and Klopatek (2002) concluded that human activity, including transportation, produced more than 80% of carbon input to the atmosphere. They estimated that 61% of soil CO 2 emissions came from agricultural lands and that human respiration alone contributed as much CO 2 as five power plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The human carbon budget: an estimate of the spatial distribution of metabolic carbon consumption and release in the United States

et al. 2009

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Carbon dioxide is taken up by agricultural crops and released soon after during the consumption of agricultural commodities. The global net impact of this process on carbon flux to the atmosphere is negligible, but impact on the spatial distribution of carbon dioxide uptake and release across regions and continents is significant. To estimate the consumption and release of carbon by humans over the landscape, we developed a carbon budget for humans in the United States. The budget was derived from food commodity intake data for the US and from algorithms representing the metabolic processing of carbon by humans. Data on consumption, respiration, and waste of carbon by humans were distributed over the US using geospatial population data with a resolution of *450 9 450 m. The average adult in the US contains about 21 kg C and consumes about 67 kg C year -1 which is balanced by the annual release of about 59 kg C as expired CO 2 , 7 kg C as feces and urine, and less than 1 kg C as flatus, sweat, and aromatic compounds. In 2000, an estimated 17.2 Tg C were consumed by the US population and 15.2 Tg C were expired to the atmosphere as CO 2 . Historically, carbon stock in the US human population has increased between 1790 and 2006 from 0.06 Tg to 5.37 Tg. Displacement and release of total harvested carbon per capita in the US is nearly 12% of per capita fossil fuel emissions. Humans are using, storing, and transporting carbon about the Earth's surface. Inclusion of these carbon dynamics in regional carbon budgets can improve our understanding of carbon sources and sinks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human carbon budget: an estimate of the spatial distribution of metabolic carbon consumption and release in the United States

et al. 2009

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“…Increased population, increased human activity and increased auto ownership, are responsible for most of air pollution emissions in urban environment, e.g., 80% of CO 2 in cities [1] . Air pollutants, when released into the atmosphere, pose a direct and serious hazard to living organisms in general and to humans, in particular [2] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Contribution of Traffic to Air Pollution in the State of Kuwait

Al-Mutairi¹,

Koushki²

2009

American J. of Environmental Sciences

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Problem statement:The reduction in ambient air pollution is a universal goal-particularly in urban areas, the lack of resources often necessitates identification and prioritization of sources of air pollutants. Efficient planning and effective management of environmental pollutants is thus important for optimum utilization of limited resources. Approach: This study examined seven years of data from three air pollution monitoring stations in the State of Kuwait. The stations-each located at a different district-were selected such that the influence of traffic source and oil refineries/power stations on ambient air pollution contaminants could be detected. A sampling plan was developed and CH 4 , CO, O 3 , SO 2 , NO, NO X and TS concentrations were measured both during peak-traffic hours as well as offpeak hours. Results: Analyses of the data showed that concentrations of the air pollutants had slightly increased over the seven-year study period and only those of the NO X and SO 2 , exceed the permitted standard levels. Traffic was the main source of air pollution in the district located adjacent to the city centre, while oil refineries contributed most to ambient air pollution in the rural district. Conclusion:The concentration levels of NO, NO X and Total Sulfate (TS) were significantly less at the district located away from urban traffic and oil refineries compared to those of with heavy daily traffic congestions and those of the district in proximity to oil refineries.

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“…Even if not taking into account the higher soil CO 2 emission due to enhanced heterotrophic respiration under a warmer climate [80], the magnitude of ecosystem NPP in the Phoenix city (629 k ton C/year by the late-21st century, under the RCP8.5 scenario) is too small compared with the anthropogenic CO 2 emission (71,356 K ton C/year according to Koerner and Klopatek, 2002) [81]. In fact, the 20 largest U.S. cities each year contribute more CO 2 to the global atmosphere than the total land area of the continental United States can absorb [82].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projecting the CO2 and Climatic Change Effects on the Net Primary Productivity of the Urban Ecosystems in Phoenix, AZ in the 21st Century under Multiple RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) Scenarios

Chen

Zhang

2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:Urban vegetation provides ecological services that promote both the ecosystem integrity and human well-being of urban areas, and thus is critical to urban sustainability. As a key indicator of ecological health, net primary productivity (NPP) provides valuable information about the performance of urban ecosystem in response to the changes in urban climate and atmosphere in the 21st century. In this study, a process-based urban ecosystem model, HPM-UEM (Hierarchical Patch Mosaic-Urban Ecosystem Model), was used to investigate spatiotemporal dynamics of urban ecosystem NPP in the Phoenix city, AZ under three representative concentration pathway (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) during the 21st century. The results indicated that, by the end of the 21st century, the urban ecosystem's NPP would increase by 14% (in RCP2.6), 51% (in RCP4.5) and 99% (in RCP8.5) relative to that in the late 2000s, respectively. Factorial analysis indicated that CO 2 fertilization effect would be the major driver of NPP change, accounting for 56-61% of the NPP increase under the scenarios. Under the RCP2.6 scenario, the strongest NPP increase would be found in the agricultural lands located in the west and southeast of the city. Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the strongest NPP increase would be found in the mesic residential areas that mainly located to the eastern, southern, and southwestern of the Phoenix Mountains Preserve. Although higher ecosystem NPP in the future implies improved ecosystem services that may help to alleviate the heat stress (by providing more shading) and air pollution in the city, this will be at the cost of higher irrigation water usage, probably leading to water shortage in the natural ecosystems in this arid region. Furthermore, this study indicated the rich (such as in mesic residential area) would enjoy more benefits from the improved urban ecosystem services than the poor (such as in xeric residential area).

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Anthropogenic and natural CO2 emission sources in an arid urban environment

Cited by 161 publications

References 20 publications

The human carbon budget: an estimate of the spatial distribution of metabolic carbon consumption and release in the United States

The human carbon budget: an estimate of the spatial distribution of metabolic carbon consumption and release in the United States

Potential Contribution of Traffic to Air Pollution in the State of Kuwait

Projecting the CO2 and Climatic Change Effects on the Net Primary Productivity of the Urban Ecosystems in Phoenix, AZ in the 21st Century under Multiple RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) Scenarios

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