Anthropogenic lead in Antarctic sea water

Flegal, A. Russell; Maring, Hal; Niemeyer, S.

doi:10.1038/365242a0

Cited by 76 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Pb-isotopic data clearly indicate that most atmospheric lead in the South Paci¢c is of anthropogenic origin from sources in the Southern Hemisphere [40]. The in£uence of Pb emissions from the Northern Hemisphere is unim-portant for the South Paci¢c because the interhemispheric transport of lead in both the troposphere and the ocean currents is minimal [40]. Pre-industrial Pb accumulation rates in the GC1 bog range between 27 and 66 Wg/m 2 /yr (mean 36.9 Wg/m 2 /yr).…”

Section: Accumulation Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recent data indicate values between 0.64 and 2.73 Wg/m 2 /yr [41]. Pb £uxes from the atmosphere in the South Paci¢c region were estimated to be 20.7 Wg/m 2 /yr for the South Paci¢c Easterlies and 99.5 Wg/m 2 /yr for the South Paci¢c Westerlies [40]. Pb-isotopic data clearly indicate that most atmospheric lead in the South Paci¢c is of anthropogenic origin from sources in the Southern Hemisphere [40].…”

Section: Accumulation Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2e). Transport and deposition of lead of anthropogenic origin to Antarctica has been shown in several studies [39,40]. Modern deposition rates of Pb to Antarctica were reported to be about 0.2 Wg/m 2 /yr [40].…”

Section: Accumulation Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pb £uxes from the atmosphere in the South Paci¢c region were estimated to be 20.7 Wg/m 2 /yr for the South Paci¢c Easterlies and 99.5 Wg/m 2 /yr for the South Paci¢c Westerlies [40]. Pb-isotopic data clearly indicate that most atmospheric lead in the South Paci¢c is of anthropogenic origin from sources in the Southern Hemisphere [40]. The in£uence of Pb emissions from the Northern Hemisphere is unim-portant for the South Paci¢c because the interhemispheric transport of lead in both the troposphere and the ocean currents is minimal [40].…”

Section: Accumulation Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elevated mercury accumulation in a peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands, Chile (53°S) – an anthropogenic signal from the Southern Hemisphere

Biester

Kilian

Franzen

et al. 2002

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Increasing mercury deposition rates in the Northern Hemisphere recorded in natural archives such as peat bogs or lake sediments have been documented in numerous studies. However, data on atmospheric Hg deposition in the Southern Hemisphere dating back to pre-industrial times are rare. Here, we provide a continuous record of atmospheric Hg deposition in the Southern Hemisphere recorded by an ombrotrophic peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands, Chile (53 ‡S), extending back 3000 yr. Pre-industrial mercury accumulation rates range between 2.5 and 3.9 Wg/m 2 /yr. In the past 100 yr, Hg accumulation rates increased 18-fold from about 3 Wg/m 2 /yr to a maximum of 62.5 Wg/m 2 /yr. If Hg accumulation rates were normalized to peat accumulation rates, maximum rates were 7.9 Wg/m 2 / yr, which is only 2.5 times the pre-industrial rates. Thus, Hg accumulation rates normalized to peat accumulation rates are more comparable to the three-fold net increase in atmospheric Hg concentrations estimated for the same period. We suggest that the increase in Hg accumulation rates in the Magellanic Moorlands within the past 100 yr is at least partly attributed to global dispersion of Hg derived from anthropogenic sources in the Northern Hemisphere. The finding that no increase of atmospheric deposition of Pb could be observed in the bog indicates the extraordinary long-range transport and ubiquitous dispersion of anthropogenic derived gaseous Hg compared to other metals. ß

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Section: Accumulation Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accumulation Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accumulation Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accumulation Of Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elevated mercury accumulation in a peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands, Chile (53°S) – an anthropogenic signal from the Southern Hemisphere

Biester

Kilian

Franzen

et al. 2002

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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“…While anthropogenic enrichment of metals occurs from as early as 4000 years BP in Europe (Brännvall et al, 2001a;García-Alix et al, 2013;Martıńez Cortizas et al, 2002a;Rosman et al, 1997;Shotyk et al, 1998), 5000 years BP (Lee et al, 2008) in China and 3400 years BP in South America (Cooke et al, 2009) in Australia it appears to date only from the 1850s (~ 160 years BP) . This much later date is explained by Australia's relatively late industrialization combined with the apparently negligible transport of particulate metals from the Northern Hemisphere (Flegal et al, 1993). Lead enrichment attributed to the onset of mining at Broken Hill and smelting at Port Pirie and Cockle Creek is coincident within Antarctic ice cores (Vallelonga et al, 2002), and the Snowy peat records .…”

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confidence: 95%

The fate of atmospheric metal pollutants in the landscape, Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia

Stromsoe¹

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Industrial metals, emitted to the atmosphere by human activity, have been transported and deposited to almost every location on Earth, including Antarctica and Greenland. This is demonstrated by an increasing body of literature in which many atmospheric industrial metals (e.g. Pb, Hg, Cd and Cu) have been shown to be significantly enriched in environmental archives. Studies have largely focussed on peat mires and ice cores, which receive high rates of atmospheric deposition relative to terrestrial inputs. By contrast, few studies have examined the extent of atmospherically derived metals across the wider landscape, where processes such as pedogenesis, erosion and sedimentation affect the spatial extent and magnitude of metal enrichment. In the Snowy Mountains, Australia, atmospheric pollutant metals have previously been identified in alpine peat mires, although their impact on the wider environment has not been assessed. Interest in the fate of atmospheric pollutants in the Snowy Mountains has increased due to the operation of a cloud seeding program in which, silver iodide, AgI, is released to the atmosphere, leading to concerns that silver, Ag, contamination may be accumulating in this ecologically important region. This thesis examines the spatial extent and magnitude of atmospherically derived metals in the SnowyMountains by investigating patterns of enrichment in a range of geomorphic settings and catchment positions, including in soils, peat mires, lakes and reservoirs. The potential movement of metals through the landscape was also assessed by examining rates of geomorphic processes, including rates of pedogenesis and erosion, determined via radionuclides. The thesis was undertaken in three parts which are summarised below. by atmospheric deposition (ombrotrophic peat mires in the upper parts of catchments), the order and magnitude of metal enrichment most closely resembled that of collected aerosols, however, on average enrichment was 5-7 fold lower than in the aerosols. Metals most sensitive to enrichment, i.e., those with low natural abundance in local sediments (Cd, Ag, Sb, Mo), were enriched in all environments including the most geomorphically active settings (tarn lake sediments). In reservoirs, located lower in catchments, patterns of metal enrichment largely reflected concentrations in catchment soils but metals were additionally enriched or depleted depending on their relative particle reactivity. For those metals which are most sensitive to enrichment (Ag, Cd, Sb), the increase in excess flux required to reach trigger value concentrations is lowest in the reservoir sediments (Ag: 13-18, Cd: 7-10 and Sb: 17-61 times the current flux) and highest in the tarn lake (Ag: 60, Cd: 15, Sb: 27 times the current flux) and the peat mire (Ag: 74, Cd: 15, Sb: 18 times the current flux).In part three of this thesis, rates of soil production and soil erosion were quantified using radiocarbon dating, fallout radionuclides and sediment yields in lakes and reservoirs in order to assess the stability of l...

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Significance and Interspecific Variability of Accumulated Trace Metal Concentrations in Antarctic Benthic Crustaceans

Keil

Broyer

Zauke³

2008

International Review of Hydrobiology

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Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were analysed in crustaceans collected on Polarstern cruises ANT XVI/2 (1999) and ANT XXI/2 (2003/04, BENDEX) to the Weddell Sea. Our study provides further evidence for the frequently reported "Cd anomaly" in polar crustaceans, with data ranging from 1. N. antarcticus) or juveniles in the brood pouch of an amphipod species to adult females indicate that the enzymatic requirements and haemocyanin component demand for Cu in early life-history stages is probably not met without a distinct bioaccumulation of this essential element after hatching. Most interestingly, Cd also increases (< 0.1 vs. 6.2 mg kg -1 in N. antarcticus). This could be the consequence of efficient uptake mechanisms for Cu that cannot discriminate between this element and Cd. Cu and Zn concentrations in decapods of this study are largely within the range reported worldwide (40-90 mg Cu kg -1 and 40-80 mg Zn kg -1 ), indicating that these elements are regulated. The enormous heterogeneity of Cd and Zn in many amphipod species investigated (e.g., from 0.6 in Gnathiphimedia mandibularis to 34.4 mg Cd kg -1 in Orchomenopsis acanthura and from 41 in Eusirus antarcticus to 1244 mg Zn kg -1 in Iphimediella bransfieldi) supports the hypothesis of the "Cd anomaly" and suggests that there is probably no consistent metabolic demand for the essential element Zn in this taxonomic group. The heterogeneity of Cu in amphipods is less pronounced.

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Anthropogenic lead in Antarctic sea water

Cited by 76 publications

References 24 publications

Elevated mercury accumulation in a peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands, Chile (53°S) – an anthropogenic signal from the Southern Hemisphere

Elevated mercury accumulation in a peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands, Chile (53°S) – an anthropogenic signal from the Southern Hemisphere

The fate of atmospheric metal pollutants in the landscape, Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia

Significance and Interspecific Variability of Accumulated Trace Metal Concentrations in Antarctic Benthic Crustaceans

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