Anthropogenic nitrate contamination of water resources in Ethiopia: an overview

Abstract

Nitrate is one of the water contaminants that mainly result from anthropogenic activities. The major causes of nitrate contamination of water resources are anthropogenic activities such as animal or human waste, septic or sewage systems, fertilizer application, concentrated animal farming, industrial waste, and landfill leachates. These man-made activities are the primary sources of nitrate contamination in water resources. Nitrate contamination of water is a global issue that has been increasing over time. According to previous research, exposure to nitrate in water above the world health organization (WHO) guideline limit (50 mg of NO3/L) has been found to induce major health effects such as methemoglobinemia in humans, with the severity depending on the amount consumed. This problem has become a major threat to humans and the environment. Thus, this article presented an overview of nitrate contamination of water resources in Ethiopia, emphasizing anthropogenic activities to indicate the current nitrate water contamination status for the necessary remedial actions.

Spatial and seasonal groundwater quality assessment for drinking suitability using index and machine learning approach

“…This investigation stepped back decades ago [ 9 , 10 ], pointed out that how the present groundwater resource could be vulnerable to significant pollution risks due to the continued population growth, agricultural expansions and the concomitant increased demands [ 11 ]. Recent studies [ [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] ] confirmed the fact that groundwater contamination peril is in existence.…”

Sustainable hierarchically porous carbons from bio-oil to remove emerging contaminants

“…The materials synthesized in this study showed higher recyclability when compared to activated carbon from bamboo sawdust-derived where the paracetamol removal efficiency drops to the range of 88% after 5 cycles. 146 Despite exhibiting lower removal efficiency compared to CAF, the hierarchically porous carbons proved to be excellent adsorbents for the evaluated contaminants.…”

“…According to the literature, the possible interactions and mechanisms involved in the adsorption of paracetamol using carbon materials as adsorbents are: hydrogen bonds between the phenolic and carboxylic groups of HPCs with paracetamol, electrostatic interactions (ion-dipole), and the p-p type interactions (aromatic rings of HPCs with PAR). 145,146 Fig. 4 illustrates all possible adsorption mechanisms for paracetamol.…”

Human Health Risk and Quality Assessment of Spring Water Associated with Nitrates, Potentially Toxic Elements, and Fecal Coliforms: A Case from Southern Mexico

“…According to WHO [7], 2 billion people use or consume water polluted with fecal coliforms, nitrates and/or toxic metals. The consequences of consuming polluted water are reflected in a negative impact on human health through water diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, diarrhea, blue child syndrome or methemoglobinemia, gastric cancer, congenital disabilities, dental and skeletal fluorosis, cardiovascular disease, renal, and pulmonary [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Worldwide, 435 million people drink from unprotected wells and springs; there are 4 billion cases of gastrointestinal diseases and 1 million deaths in children under 5 years of age due to diarrheal diseases; hence, health risk-related research is transcendental in several countries around the world.…”