Anthropometric Measurements and Cognitive Impairment Rather Than Nutrition Status Are Associated With Sarcopenia in Long‐Term Care Residents

Abstract

Background Sarcopenia is an important health problem in older adults. The aim was to study the association of anthropometric measurements, functional capacity, cognitive impairment, and nutrition status with sarcopenia in institutionalized older adults. Methods A cross‐sectional study was undertaken, determining the calf circumference (CC), mid‐upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC), and body mass index (BMI) and administering the Pfeiffer test and Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA‐SF). Sarcopenia was diagnosed following criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. After bivariate analyses, a multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to determine the association of study variables with sarcopenia. Results The study group comprised 249 residents (mean age 84.9 ± 6.7 years). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 63%. The multivariate analysis with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) indicated that the risk of sarcopenia was significantly increased by being female (OR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.3–6.2), having moderate or severe cognitive impairment (Pfeiffer test score of 5–10) (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 0.9–6.4), and having a BMI < 22 kg/m2 (OR = 22.4; 95% CI 6.7–75.0). Moreover, a low CC (OR = 6.5; 95% CI 3.0–14.0) or MUAMC (OR = 3.9; 95% CI 1.7–9.3) also significantly increased the risk of sarcopenia. A negative association was observed between sarcopenia and MNA‐SF, although it did not remain statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions The variables identified as risk factors for sarcopenia can assist in detecting individuals at higher risk who require special clinical attention.

Meta‐analysis on the interrelationship between sarcopenia and mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia

“…The flow diagram of the literature retrieval process is shown in Figure . Seventy‐seven studies with a sample size ranging from 26 to 12 912 participants and a total of 92 058 participants were included in the qualitative analysis 11,12,18–92 . Of these 77 studies, 71 were cross‐sectional, 4 were cohort and 2 were interventional studies.…”

“…Seventy‐seven studies with a sample size ranging from 26 to 12 912 participants and a total of 92 058 participants were included in the qualitative analysis. 11 , 12 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ...…”

Calf Circumference, a Valuable Tool to Predict Sarcopenia in Older People Hospitalized with Hip Fracture

“…The four electrodes were placed distally, two on the hands and two on the feet on the same side of the body. Resistance and reactance were measured at a low intensity alternating current and a frequency of 50 kHz, according to previously described methodology [ 31 ]. From the resistance and reactance, the Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASMM) was determined, according to the following equation of Sergi et al (2015) [ 32 ]: ASMM (kg) = −3.965 + (0.222 × RI) + (0.095 × weight) + (1.384 × sex) + (0.064 × Xc).…”