Anthropometric variation and the population history of Ireland

Relethford, John H.; Crawford, Michael H.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330960104

Cited by 42 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Had the consequences of the famine resulted in mass relocation within Ireland rather than mass emigration, then we should expect that the relationship between surname distributions and geography would have been compromised. The observed persistence of the pre-nineteenth century settlement effects is in line with the observation made by Relethford and Crawford (1995) that at both a county and a regional scale the effects of the Great Famine (on population structure inferred from anthropometrics) were minimal. The outcome is also consistent with the results of earlier smaller-scale analysis of isonymy in the Ards Peninsula, County Down (Smith et al, 1990;Smith and Bittles, 2002).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Nineteenth‐century population structure of Ireland and of the Irish in England and Wales: An analysis by isonymy

Smith

MacRaild

2008

American J Hum Biol

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This article uses isonymy to test predictions about the genetic structure of Irish populations made on the basis of geography and population history, and compares the mid-nineteenth century population of Ireland with the late nineteenth century Irish-born population resident in England and Wales. Surname data were derived from (1) the householders named in the index to Griffith's valuation of Ireland, a survey undertaken between 1846 and 1864, and (2) of Irish-born residents named in 1881 census of England and Wales. Visual representation of the Griffith's valuation isonymy matrix by multidimensional scaling (MDS) gives a result very close to the geographical distribution of Irish counties, and Mantel matrix correlation shows random isonymy between counties to be negatively associated with geographical distance, generally decaying according to a pattern of isolation-by-distance, with exceptions that can be explained in terms of Irish population history. Some 141,360 Irish-born residents in England and Wales at the 1881 census were assigned to an Irish county of origin, and random isonymy by county of birth for this group also shows a close correspondence to Irish geography. The Mantel matrix correlation between the Irish in Ireland and the Irish in England is 0.855, R(2) = 0.7306, indicating that the emigrant Irish in England were representative of the populations of the Irish counties from which they were derived. This result, together with the strong geographical patterning of surnames in Ireland, suggests that isonymy can be used to investigate the population structure and origin of Irish emigrant groups in Britain and potentially throughout the Irish diaspora.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Nineteenth‐century population structure of Ireland and of the Irish in England and Wales: An analysis by isonymy

Smith

MacRaild

2008

American J Hum Biol

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“…What is lacking in Boas' immigrant study, and what has not been demonstrated yet since Boas, is that environmental plasticity plays a more important role than genetic variation. What has been demonstrated is that cranial dimensions are capable of revealing ''genetic'' patterns in human populations over time and space (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40). Finally, we address the issue of why Boas published such seemingly erroneous conclusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A reassessment of human cranial plasticity: Boas revisited

Sparks

Jantz

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

192

106

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In 1912, Franz Boas published a study demonstrating the plastic nature of the human body in response to changes in the environment. The results of this study have been cited for the past 90 years as evidence of cranial plasticity. These findings, however, have never been critiqued thoroughly for their statistical and biological validity. This study presents a reassessment of Boas' data within a modern statistical and quantitative genetic framework. The data used here consist of head and face measurements on over 8,000 individuals of various European ethnic groups. By using pedigree information contained in Boas' data, narrow sense heritabilities are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. In addition, a series of t tests and regression analyses are performed to determine the statistical validity of Boas' original findings on differentiation between American and European-born children and the prolonged effect of the environment on cranial form. Results indicate the relatively high genetic component of the head and face diameters despite the environmental differences during development. Results point to very small and insignificant differences between European-and American-born offspring, and no effect of exposure to the American environment on the cranial index in children. These results contradict Boas' original findings and demonstrate that they may no longer be used to support arguments of plasticity in cranial morphology.

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“…[35][36][37] Thus, analysis of this population may provide advantages in genetic studies of complex diseases. In terms of position and function, NOD2 is an excellent candidate gene for IBD.…”

Section: Genetics Of Ibd In Irelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of NOD2 with Crohn's Disease in a homogenous Irish population

et al. 2003

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Linkage of IBD to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 has been widely confirmed by analyses of multiple populations. The NOD2 gene is located in the peak region of linkage on chromosome 16 and thought to be involved in the activation of nuclear factor (NF) jB in response to bacterial components. Mutations in the NOD2 gene are found to be strongly associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD). A total of 65 Irish CD families were genotyped to determine if NOD2 mutations conferred susceptibility to CD and the prevalence of these mutations in sporadic and familial forms of the disease. The Irish population is relatively homogenous and thus may provide advantages in genetic studies of complex diseases. We confirmed the IBD1 locus as a susceptibility locus for IBD within the Irish population by linkage analysis followed by linkage disequilibrium studies. No significant evidence of linkage was observed to the previously identified regions on chromosomes 1, 12 and 14. In all, 131 CD affected families were then genotyped for seven of the previously published NOD2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Allelic transmission distortion was investigated using the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT). SNP13 (3020insC) was found to be associated with CD (P ¼ 0.0186). Patients who possessed a rare allele of SNP8, 12 or 13 presented earlier when compared to patients without rare variants (mean age, 20.1 vs 24 years, P ¼ 0.011) and the rare allele of SNP13 was observed to be predominantly linked to ileal disease (P ¼ 0.02). This report confirms the importance of NOD2 as a susceptibility gene for CD within the Irish population.

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Anthropometric variation and the population history of Ireland

Cited by 42 publications

References 29 publications

Nineteenth‐century population structure of Ireland and of the Irish in England and Wales: An analysis by isonymy

Nineteenth‐century population structure of Ireland and of the Irish in England and Wales: An analysis by isonymy

A reassessment of human cranial plasticity: Boas revisited

Association of NOD2 with Crohn's Disease in a homogenous Irish population

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