Anthropometry and Ultrasound

Bellisari, Anna; Roche, Alex F.

doi:10.5040/9781492596950.ch-008

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Results using the Antrform method are in line with the recognition that it is very difficult for anthropometric methods to accurately estimate body composition changes 31 . Besides the significant mean bias found for FM and percentage FM changes with DXA, this method also presented a significant trend in the opposite direction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Usefulness of different techniques for measuring body composition changes during weight loss in overweight and obese women

et al. 2008

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The objective was to compare measures from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry with a reference four-compartment model to estimate fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) changes in overweight and obese women after a weight-loss programme. Forty-eight women (age 39.8^5.8 years; weight 79·2^11·8 kg; BMI 30·7^3·6 kg/m 2 ) were studied in an out-patient weight-loss programme, before and after the 16-month intervention. Women attended weekly meetings for the first 4 months, followed by monthly meetings from 4 to 12 months. Body composition variables were measured by the following techniques: DXA, anthropometry (waist circumference-based model; Antrform), BIA using Tanita (TBF-310) and Omron (BF300) and a reference four-compartment model. Body weight decreased significantly (23·3 (SD 3·1) kg) across the intervention. At baseline and after the intervention, FM, percentage FM and FFM assessed by Antrform, Tanita, BF300 and DXA differed significantly from the reference method (P#0·001), with the exception of FFM assessed by Tanita (baseline P¼ 0·071 and after P¼0·007). DXA significantly overestimated the change in FM and percentage FM across weight loss (2 4·5 v. 23·3 kg; P, 0·001 and 23·7 v. 22·0 %; P,0·001, respectively), while Antrform underestimated FM and percentage FM (22·8 v. 2 3·3 kg; P¼ 0·043 and 2 1·1 v. 2 2·0 %; P¼ 0·013) compared with the four-compartment model. Tanita and BF300 did not differ (P. 0·05) from the reference model in any body composition variables. We conclude that these methods are widely used in clinical settings, but should not be applied interchangeably to detect changes in body composition. Furthermore, the several clinical methods were not accurate enough for tracking body composition changes in overweight and obese premenopausal women after a weight-loss programme.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Usefulness of different techniques for measuring body composition changes during weight loss in overweight and obese women

et al. 2008

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“…Good‐quality ultrasound devices may cost $30,000–$50,000, making them slightly more expensive than the top‐end BIS devices but far less expensive than a DXA or CT scanner. The application of ultrasound to measuring body composition is not entirely new; it has historically been used for assessing the abdominal adipose compartment to distinguish visceral and subcutaneous fat depots 186 . Much of the research that has been done on ultrasound applications in muscle tissue has come from the sport injury and neuromuscular disease fields 187 , 188 .…”

Section: Bedside Methods For Lean Tissue Assessment: Bioimpedance Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally speaking, ultrasound involves the transduction of high‐frequency sound waves through the skin; the ultrasound beam is partially reflected back (as an echo) to the transducer from the interface of different underlying tissues (eg, subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle) 29 , 186 . How much the tissue reflects is expressed as acoustic impedance, and this ranges from the lowest acoustic impedance levels associated with air to the highest acoustic impedance values associated with bone tissue 29 .…”

Section: Bedside Methods For Lean Tissue Assessment: Bioimpedance Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How much the tissue reflects is expressed as acoustic impedance, and this ranges from the lowest acoustic impedance levels associated with air to the highest acoustic impedance values associated with bone tissue 29 . The best image quality is observed with the highest acoustic impedance values 186 . As the transducer receives the reflected beam, the echo is converted into electric signals and a 2‐dimensional image is formed 29 .…”

Section: Bedside Methods For Lean Tissue Assessment: Bioimpedance Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body Composition Tools for Assessment of Adult Malnutrition at the Bedside

Earthman

2015

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

185

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Because of the key role played by the body's lean tissue reserves (of which skeletal muscle is a major component) in the response to injury and illness, its maintenance is of central importance to nutrition status. With the recent development of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition diagnostic framework for malnutrition, the loss of muscle mass has been recognized as one of the defining criteria. Objective methods to evaluate muscle loss in individuals with acute and chronic illness are needed. Bioimpedance and ultrasound techniques are currently the best options for the clinical setting; however, additional research is needed to investigate how best to optimize measurements and minimize error and to establish if these techniques (and which specific approaches) can uniquely contribute to the assessment of malnutrition, beyond more subjective evaluation methods. In this tutorial, key concepts and statistical methods used in the validation of bedside methods to assess lean tissue compartments are discussed. Body composition assessment methods that are most widely available for practice and research in the clinical setting are presented, and clinical cases are used to illustrate how the clinician might use bioimpedance and/or ultrasound as a tool to assess nutrition status at the bedside. Future research needs regarding malnutrition assessment are identified.

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“…Diagnostic (brightness-mode) ultrasound has been used for fat measurement since 1965 [33,34], and many publications followed. At sufficiently high probe frequency (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), the thickness measurement accuracy is approximately 0.1-0.2 mm [3,6,35], provided that the appropriate speed of sound in the given tissue is used (1450 ms −1 in fat [18][19][20][21][22]). The high accuracy enables measuring the embedded fibrous structures, which amount to substantial percentages of the SAT (Fig.…”

Section: Ultrasound Brightness-mode Imaging and Distance Measurement mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Body Weight and Standardised Brightness-Mode Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat in Athletes: An International Multicentre Reliability Study, Under the Auspices of the IOC Medical Commission

et al. 2019

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Introduction Fat is a metabolic fuel, but excess body fat is ballast mass, and therefore, many elite athletes reduce body fat to dangerously low levels. Uncompressed subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) thickness measured by brightness-mode ultrasound (US) provides an estimate of body fat content. Methods The accuracy for determining tissue borders is about 0.1–0.2 mm and reliability (experienced measurers) was within ± 1.4 mm (95% limit of agreement, LOA). We present here inter- and intra-measurer scores of three experienced US measurers from each of the centres C1 and C2, and of three novice measurers from each of the centres C3–C5. Each of the five centres measured 16 competitive adult athletes of national or international level, except for one centre where the number was 12. The following sports were included: artistic gymnastics, judo, pentathlon, power lifting, rowing, kayak, soccer, tennis, rugby, basketball, field hockey, water polo, volleyball, American football, triathlon, swimming, cycling, long-distance running, mid-distance running, hurdles, cross-country skiing, snowboarding, and ice hockey. SAT contour was detected semi-automatically: typically, 100 thicknesses of SAT at a given site (i.e., in a given image), with and without fibrous structures, were measured. Results At SAT thickness sums DI (of eight standardised sites) between 6.0 and 70.0 mm, the LOA of experienced measurers was 1.2 mm, and the intra-class correlation coefficient ICC was 0.998; novice measurers: 3.1 mm and 0.988. Intra-measurer differences were similar. The median DI value of all 39 female participants was 51 mm (11% fibrous structures) compared to 17 mm (18%) in the 37 male participants. Discussion DI measurement accuracy and precision enables detection of fat mass changes of approximately 0.2 kg. Such reliability has not been reached with any other method. Although females’ median body mass index and mass index were lower than those of males, females’ median DI was three times higher, and their percentage of fibrous structures was lower. The standardised US method provides a highly accurate and reliable tool for measuring SAT and thus changes in body fat, but training of measurers is important.

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Anthropometry and Ultrasound

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Usefulness of different techniques for measuring body composition changes during weight loss in overweight and obese women

Usefulness of different techniques for measuring body composition changes during weight loss in overweight and obese women

Body Composition Tools for Assessment of Adult Malnutrition at the Bedside

Relative Body Weight and Standardised Brightness-Mode Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat in Athletes: An International Multicentre Reliability Study, Under the Auspices of the IOC Medical Commission

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