Anthropometry of Arabian nose using computed tomography scanning

Abstract

BACKGROUNDThe nose plays a critical role in determining the external appearance of an individual. We studied the craniofacial anthropometrics by CT scanning since previous studies in the field were conducted in Saudi populations using photometric analysis.OBJECTIVESObtain objective and quantitative data that can help surgeons plan cosmetic procedures for the nose.DESIGNA cross-sectional analytical study.SETTINGDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from February 2015 to December 2015.PATIENTS AND METHODSFacial CT scans were performed on native Saudis who underwent CT of the paranasal sinuses.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)Three anthropometric parameters: the nasofrontal angle, the pyramidal angle, and the linear distance between the nasion and the tip of the nasal bone.RESULTSIn 160 native Saudis (86 males and 74 females) who underwent CT, the mean nasofrontal angle was 125.3° in males and 135.6° in females. The mean linear distance between the nasion and the tip of the nasal bone was 23.0 mm for males and 20.9 mm for females. The mean nasal pyramidal angle was 110.8° in males and 111.9° for females at the level of the nasal root, 105.6° in males and 104.8° in females at the mid-level of the nasal bone, and 116.8° males and 107.9° in females at the level of the tip of the nasal bone.CONCLUSIONNasal bone lengths and angles can be obtained accurately from CT scans. These angles differ in different ethnic groups.LIMITATIONSThe sample represents native Saudis but not a cross section of the Saudi population. The relatively small sample size is a limitation of the study, but we consider these to be initial findings.

A Review of Anthropometric Measurements for Saudi Adults and Elderly, Directions for Future Work and Recommendations to Establish Saudi Guidelines in Line with the Saudi 2030 Vision

“…In contrast, the nasal tip angle/nasal tip protrusion in Saudi adults is significantly smaller than in other ethnicities [23]. These differences in facial anthropometrics with other ethnicities were consistent in some studies [25,26,30,31] that concluded differences in ethnic groups and that facial norms and measurements of other Caucasian populations cannot be applied to the Arab population. This distinction has a great impact on treatment planning for corrective, reconstructive, and orthognathic procedures.…”

“…Several studies were conducted to assess Saudi facial anthropometry [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] that are essential for facial reconstructive procedures [25] and has many practical applications, including classification, diagnosis, and treatment of craniofacial anomalies, evaluation and treatment of post-traumatic deformities [29]. A study including 209 Saudi adults reported that nasal widths lie between Whites and Chinese.…”

Face anthropometry of Turkish population

“…For an exocanthion landmark, the marker was positioned on the frontozygomatic suture, a number of millimeters lateral from the actual landmark, as shown in detail by Ferrario et al 31 Physical and social characteristics must be taken into account in order to perform rhinoplasty in the Middle Eastern population. [33][34] The ability of CT scans in making a pre-operative plan for rhinoplasty patients is not excessive. Clinical series of CT-PNS data were used to find unique radiological features of the native Saudi nose and the results for the Saudi population were compared with the Asian community.…”

The Challenges of Diagnostic Imaging in the Era of Big Data

“…When considering that the nose plays a critical role in determining the external appearance of an individual, in [40], researchers studied the craniofacial anthropometrics by CT scanning, providing objective and quantitative data that can help surgeons to plan cosmetic procedures for the nose. Another study [41], established and reported normal anthropometric orbital measurements in a pediatric population using fine-cut craniofacial CT.…”