Anthropometry, physical activity and cancer of unknown primary (CUP) risk: Results from the Netherlands cohort study

Hermans, Karlijn E P E; Brandt, Piet A. van den; Loef, Caroline; Jansen, R. L. H.; Schouten, Leo J.

doi:10.1016/j.canep.2020.101836

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Vajdic et al noted that obese participants had a non-significant increased CUP risk compared to normal weight participants (age-sex adjusted OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 0.87–2.13) [ 28 ]. Hermans et al explored the association by investigating height (sex-stratified), BMI at baseline, BMI at age 20 years, change in BMI since age 20 years, and clothing size as a proxy for waist circumference (trouser size for men, skirt size for women), but even after multivariable adjustments found no associations between these variables in relation to CUP risk [ 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also found that physically active participants, > 2 times per week, had an even lower CUP risk (age-sex adjusted OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26–0.89) compared to < 1 times per week [ 28 ]. Hermans et al studied non-occupational physical activity in relation to CUP risk but found no association after multivariable adjustment when comparing participants who were physically active for > 90 min per day to ≤ 30 min per day [ 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for cancer of unknown primary: a literature review

et al. 2023

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Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP) is metastatic cancer with an unidentifiable primary tumour origin during life. It remains difficult to study the occurrence and aetiology of CUP. Hitherto, it is unclear whether risk factors are associated with CUP, yet identifying these factors could reveal whether CUP is a specific entity or a cluster of metastasised cancers from various primary tumour origins. Epidemiological studies on possible CUP risk factors were systematically searched in PubMed and Web of Science on February 1st, 2022. Studies, published before 2022, were included if they were observational human-based, provided relative risk estimates, and investigated possible CUP risk factors. A total of 5 case–control and 14 cohort studies were included. There appears to be an increased risk for smoking in relation to CUP. However, limited suggestive evidence was found to link alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, and family history of cancer as increased risks for CUP. No conclusive associations could be made for anthropometry, food intake (animal or plant-based), immunity disorders, lifestyle (overall), physical activity, or socioeconomic status and CUP risk. No other CUP risk factors have been studied. This review highlights smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus and family history of cancer as CUP risk factors. Yet, there remains insufficient epidemiological evidence to conclude that CUP has its own specific risk factor profile.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for cancer of unknown primary: a literature review

et al. 2023

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“…In order to measure being a healthy weight, self-reported data on BMI at baseline and BMI at age 20 years was used in which weight at baseline and weight at age 20 years were divided by height at baseline squared (kg/m 2 ). Change in BMI since age 20 years, representing weight gain, was calculated as BMI at baseline minus BMI at age 20 years [10]. Non-occupational physical activity was calculated based on questions regarding gardening, cycling and walking, and sports/physical exercise in minutes per day [10].…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Change in BMI since age 20 years, representing weight gain, was calculated as BMI at baseline minus BMI at age 20 years [10]. Non-occupational physical activity was calculated based on questions regarding gardening, cycling and walking, and sports/physical exercise in minutes per day [10]. Plant-based foods were measured using data on dietary fiber intake in grams per day, and the amounts of vegetables and fruits consumed in grams per day [11].…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research lifestyle recommendations for cancer prevention and Cancer of Unknown Primary risk

et al. 2022

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Background & aims: The World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) updated their cancer prevention recommendations in 2018. Adherence to these recommendations has been associated with lower cancer risk and mortality. However, adherence in relation to Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP) risk has not been studied. This study investigates whether adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations is associated with CUP risk. Methods: Data from the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer was used to measure adherence to the recommendations in relation to CUP risk. The cohort includes 120 852 participants (aged 55e69 years), who completed a self-administered questionnaire on cancer risk factors at baseline. Adherence was investigated with respect to body fatness, physical activity, plant foods, meat consumption and alcohol. Incident CUP cases were identified through record linkage to the Netherlands Cancer Registry and Dutch Pathology Registry. A follow-up of 20.3 years, resulted in 856 incident CUP cases and 3911 subcohort members with complete information available for case-cohort analyses. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios were estimated using proportional hazards models and were adjusted for age at baseline, sex, cigarette smoking (status, frequency, and duration) and total energy intake. Results: Highest adherence appeared to be associated with decreased CUP risk in the age-sex adjusted model (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.62e0.92). After additional adjustment for cigarette smoking (status, frequency, and duration), the association attenuated and was no longer statistically significant. No multiplicative interactions were observed between sex nor smoking status and overall adherence in relation to CUP. Conclusion: Within this cohort, highest adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations is not statistically significantly associated with decreased CUP risk after multivariable adjustment.

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