Anthropomorphic Phantom Materials

White, D. R.; Constantinou, Christodoulos

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7691-4_3

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The CT density (HU) measurements from Table 1 demonstrate the agreement between the phantom materials and the human tissues. These levels of agreement are related to the X-ray attenuation characteristics [40]. Percentage differences between tissues and their substitutes, such as cortical bone and PoP/animal bone, were recorded with values less than 5% ( Table 1).…”

Section: 1-ct Validationmentioning

confidence: 81%

Construction and validation of a low cost paediatric pelvis phantom

Ali

Hogg

Johansen

et al. 2018

European Journal of Radiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PURPOSE: Imaging phantoms can be cost prohibitive, therefore a need exists to produce low cost alternatives which are fit for purpose. This paper describes the development and validation of a low cost paediatric pelvis phantom based on the anatomy of a 5-year-old child. METHODS: Tissue equivalent materials representing paediatric bone (Plaster of Paris; PoP) and soft tissue (Poly methyl methacrylate; PMMA) were used. PMMA was machined to match the bony anatomy identified from a CT scan of a 5-year-old child and cavities were created for infusing the PoP. Phantom validation comprised physical and visual measures. Physical included CT density comparison between a CT scan of a 5-year old child and the phantom and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) comparative analysis of anteroposterior phantom X-ray images against a commercial anthropomorphic phantom. Visual analysis using a psychometric image quality scale (face validity). RESULTS: CT density, the percentage difference between cortical bone, soft tissue and their equivalent tissue substitutes were-4.7 to-4.1% and-23.4%, respectively. For SNR, (mAs response) there was a strong positive correlation between the two phantoms (r>0.95 for all kVps). For kVp response, there was a strong positive correlation between 1 and 8 mAs (r=0.85), this then decreased as mAs increased (r=-0.21 at 20 mAs). Psychometric scale results produced a Cronbach's Alpha of almost 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: Physical and visual measures suggest our low-cost phantom has suitable anatomical characteristics for X-ray imaging. Our phantom could have utility in dose and image quality optimisation studies.

show abstract

Section: 1-ct Validationmentioning

confidence: 81%

Construction and validation of a low cost paediatric pelvis phantom

Ali

Hogg

Johansen

et al. 2018

European Journal of Radiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, the phantom should not only mimic the size and shape of the human body 33 but should have materials with photon mass attenuation and mass absorption coefficients similar to that of human tissue. 37,38 PMMA and PoP were chosen to build our phantom because PMMA is commonly used as a soft tissue substitute in diagnostic radiology studies, especially for non-dosimetry phantoms; [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] and it has similar physical properties to soft tissues. It has a mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) similar to that of soft tissue in the diagnostic energy range; 48,49 and PoP has mass attenuation coefficient similar to that of bone 49 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a bespoke phantom to test accuracy of Cobb angle measurements

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a spinal deformity that causes the spine to bend laterally. Patients with AIS undergo frequent X-ray examinations to monitor the progression of the disorder by through the measurement of the Cobb angle. Frequent exposure of adolescents poses the risk of radiation-induced cancer. The aim of this research was to design and build a bespoke phantom representing a 10-year-old child with AIS to allow optimisation of imaging protocols for AIS assessment through the accuracy of Cobb angle measurements. Method: Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and plaster of Paris (PoP) were used to represent human soft tissue and bone tissue, respectively, to construct a phantom exhibiting a 15 o lateral curve of the spine. The phantom was validated by comparing the Hounsfield unit (HU) of its vertebrae with that of human and sheep. Additionally, comparisons of signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) to those from a commercially available phantom. An assessment of the accuracy of the radiographic assessment of the Cobb angle measurement was performed. Results: The HU of the PoP vertebrae was 628 (SD= 56), human vertebrae was 598 (SD= 79) and sheep vertebra was 605 (SD= 83). The SNR values of the two phantoms correlated strongly (r = 0.93 (p = 0.00)). The measured scoliosis angle was 14 degrees. Conclusion: The phantom has physical characteristics (in terms of spinal deformity) and radiological characteristics (in terms of HU and SNR values) of the spine of a 10-year-old child with AIS. This phantom has utility for the optimisation of x-ray imaging techniques in 10 year old children. Implications for practice: A phantom to investigate new x-ray imaging techniques and technology in the assessment of scoliosis and to optimise currently used protocols.

show abstract

“…A number of such materials were formulated, particularly in the liquid and gel phase (14,15,30,36). If a substitute is elementally correct and has the correct bulk density, the only source of error in the absorbed dose calculations from measurements in the phantom material will be phase differences due to differences in chemical binding.…”

Section: Methods Of Elemental Equivalencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over 160 tissue substitutes were formulated, simulating a wide range of body tissues. Liquid, gel, solid, and particulate systems were produced for use with photon and particulate radiations (13)(14)(15)(16). Other groups also developed tissue equivalent materials.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phantom Materials in Radiology

Watanabe

Constantinou

2006

Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In radiology, phantoms are utilized to estimate radiation dose delivered to patients and evaluate the quality of imaging systems. Hence, the material of the phantoms should closely mimic the human tissue; in particular, the radiological characteristics of the material must be similar to that of the tissue. This article reviews materials used to manufacture phantoms for radiology applications. In the first section, basic physics relevant to the phantom material and radiation interaction with matter is discussed. A brief history of the phantom material for radiology is offered. The second section gives extensive discussion on the materials mainly developed by D.R.White, C.Constantinou, and co‐workers in late 1970s to early 1980s. Their materials were made based on epoxy resin. They produced tissue‐equivalent materials mimicking 15 different tissue types. Detailed description on manufacturing methods and the results of evaluation is presented. Since their seminal work other investigators developed tissue‐equivalent materials by using polyethylene and polyurethane as base. Short discussion on those newer developments is given. The third section presents, how those materials are used for radiation dosimetry, radiation therapy, and diagnostic radiology. Our discussion on applications will be limited to the phantoms used with photons and electrons since most medical applications utilize those particles. The last section is devoted to speculative discussion on what types of phantom and material will be developed in the near future.

show abstract

Anthropomorphic Phantom Materials

Cited by 16 publications

References 44 publications

Construction and validation of a low cost paediatric pelvis phantom

Construction and validation of a low cost paediatric pelvis phantom

Development and validation of a bespoke phantom to test accuracy of Cobb angle measurements

Phantom Materials in Radiology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About