Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Spondias mangifera Extract Fractions: An In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo Approach

Abstract

The fruits of Spondias mangifera (S. mangifera) have traditionally been used for the management of rheumatism in the northeast region of India. The present study explores the probable anti-arthritis and anti-inflammatory potential of S. mangifera fruit extract’s ethanolic fraction (EtoH-F). To support this study, we first approached the parameters in silico by means of the active constituents of the plant (beta amyrin, beta sitosterol, oleonolic acid and co-crystallised ligands, i.e., SPD-304) via molecular docking on COX-1, COX-2 and TNF-α. Thereafter, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties were also determined, and finally experimental activity was performed in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro activities of the plant extract fractions were evaluated by means of parameters like 1,1-Diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), free radical-reducing potential, albumin denaturation, and protease inhibitory activity. The in vivo activity was evaluated using parameters like COX, TNF-α and IL-6 inhibition assay and arthritis score in Freund Adjuvant (CFA) models at a dose of 400 mg/kg b.w. per day of different fractions (hexane, chloroform, alcoholic). The molecular docking assay was performed on COX-1, COX-2 and TNF-α. The results of in vitro studies showed concentration-dependent reduction in albumin denaturation, protease inhibitors and scavenging activity at 500 µg/mL. Administration of the S. mangifera alcoholic fraction at the abovementioned dose resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.01) in arthritis score, paw diameters, TNF-α, IL-6 as compared to diseased animals. The docking results showed that residues show a critical binding affinity with TNF-α and act as the TNF-α antagonist. The alcoholic fraction of S. mangifera extract possesses beneficial effects on rheumatoid arthritis as well as anti-inflammatory potential, and can further can be used as a possible agent for novel target-based therapies for the management of arthritis.

Ameliorative Sexual Behavior and Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Effects of Spondias mangifera Fruit Extract in Rodents: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Study

“…S. mangifera fruits and aerial parts contain beta-sitosterol, oleanolic acid, lignoceric acid, beta amyrin dausterol cycloartanone-24-methylene, and daucosterol. It also constitutes small amounts of other bioactives such as galloylgeranin, alanine, niacin, and riboflavin [28].…”

Anti-Diabetic Activity of Bioactive Compound Extracted from Spondias mangifera Fruit: In-Vitro and Molecular Docking Approaches

“…Each fraction was dried at 40 • C using a rotary evaporator. After drying, S. mangifera fruits fractionations (SMFFs) were stored at 4 • C until further usage [16].…”

“…Other substances found in the fruits include β-amyrin and oleanolic acid [15]. This plant's ripe fruit juice is high in vitamins and can be employed as a nutraceutical agent [16]. The root bark powder of the plant has been indicated for menstrual management, as well as anticancer, antihistamine, antipyretic, and antispasmodic properties [17][18][19][20][21].…”

“…The root bark powder of the plant has been indicated for menstrual management, as well as anticancer, antihistamine, antipyretic, and antispasmodic properties [17][18][19][20][21]. Additionally, the plant's fruits and barks treat diabetes [16]. In rats, methanolic extracts of stem heartwood had shown hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity [22].…”

LCMS/MS analysis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the polyphenol fraction of Litsea quinqueflora (Dennst.) Suresh

“…Recent studies in ethanolic fraction of fruits of Spondias mangiferra Willd. and aqueous extract of bark of Ficus benghalensis L. reported protein denaturation under in vitro conditions (59,60). Denaturation of proteins is as a serious cause of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions and their activity against protein denaturation considered them as anti-arthritic drugs.…”