Anti-bacterial Activity of <i>Tithonia diversifolia</i>, <i>Secamore afzelli</i> and <i>Jaundea pinnata</i> Against Plasmid-bearing Multiple Antibiotics Resistant Bacteria from Different Water Sources in Akure, Nigeria

Abstract

This study aims at assessing the antibacterial efficacies of some plant leaves. In this study, the antibacterial efficacies of Tithonia diversifolia Harm, Secamore afzelli Linn, and Jaundea pinnata Linn were assayed against plasmidbearing multiple antibiotics resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from different water sources in Akure local government, Nigeria. The extracts of the plant leaves were prepared using cold water, hot water, Petroleum ether and Ethanolic solvents. The plant leaves of Tithonia diversifolia, Secamore afzelli and Jaundea pinnata were air-dried and pulverized using an electric blender which were soaked in 1 liter of solvent each for 72 hours after which it was sieved using muslin cloth and filtered using Whatman No 1 filter paper. Filtrates collected in beaker were concentrated in vacuousing rotary evaporator. The extracts were then reconstituted in tween 20 and sterilized with the aid of Millipore membrane filter. Agar well diffusion technique was done by using 1 ml aliquot of 18 hours broth culture that had been adjusted to the 0.5 McFarland standards which was dispensed into sterile Petri dishes and molten sterile Muller-Hinton agar was aseptically poured into the plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Clear zones around the wells were measured in millilitres. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts that showed antimicrobial activity were reconstituted by diluting 0.5 g of each in 10 ml of Tween 20 and then sterilized by passing through sterile Millipore membrane filter (0.45 µl). Different concentration of the extracts (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 mg/ml) was used. From this research work, it was observed that the highest plant extract yield was seen in the ethanolic extracts of Tithonia diversifolia, Secamore afzelli and cold water extracts of Jaundea pinnata having 17.8%, 8.6% and 15.7% respectively while the lowest yield was observed in petroleum ether extracts of Secamore afzelli. From the antibacterial analysis, it was observed that Hot water extract of J. pinnata inhibited Acinetobacter baumanni, Salmonella typhimurum while the cold water extracts of T. diversifolia inhibited Enterobacter aerogenes and Shigella dysenteriae.