Anti-coccidial properties and mechanisms of an edible herb, Bidens pilosa, and its active compounds for coccidiosis

Abstract

Avian coccidiosis is an economically important disease in the poultry industry. In view of the disadvantages of anti-coccidial drugs in chickens, edible plants and their compounds are re-emerging as an alternative strategy to combat this disease. A previous publication reported that the edible plant B . pilosa showed promise for use against coccidiosis. Here, we first investigated into the anti-coccidial effects of B . pilosa . We found that B . pilosa at 100 ppm or more significantly suppressed E . tenella as evidenced by reduction in mortality rate, oocyst excretion and gut pathological severity in chickens and its minimum prophylactic duration was 3 days. Next, we explored the mode of action of anti-coccidial mechanism of B . pilosa . The E . tenella oocysts were not directly killed by B . pilosa ; however, administration of the plant suppressed oocyst sporulation, sporozoite invasion, and schizonts in the life cycle of E . tenella . Besides, B . pilosa boosted T cell-mediated immunity. Finally, we characterized the related anti-coccidial phytochemicals and their mode of action. One of three potent polyynes present in B . pilsoa , Compound 1 (cytopiloyne), acted against coccidiosis in chickens in a similar manner to B . pilosa . These data illustrate the anti-coccidial potency and mechanism of B . pilosa and one of its active compounds, and provide a cornerstone for development of novel herbal remedies for avian coccidiosis.

Functional and Mechanistic Studies of Two Anti-coccidial Herbs, Bidens pilosa and Artemisia indica

“…However, B. pilosa failed to kill the oocysts (▶ Fig. 2 b), as published previously [12]. Thus, a combination of B. pilosa and A. indica killed the oocysts as effectively as A. indica (▶ Fig.…”

“…Finally, we checked the effect of B. pilosa, A. indica, and both on the entry of E. tenella sporozoites into MDBK cells. As previously reported[12], the sporozoites could invade 20 % of the cells (▶ Fig.4 a). Sal at 0.005 % decreased this invasion to 10 %.…”

Molecular characterization of a potential receptor of Eimeria acervulina microneme protein 3 from chicken duodenal epithelial cells

“…Coccidiosis is a deadly disease that hampers the productivity and welfare of commercial chicken enterprises. Thus, the disease is a major threat to the global poultry industry [12,30,32,37]. Seven known species of Eimeria cause coccidiosis in chickens by affecting the different parts of the intestinal tract in a site-specific manner [10,23].…”

Appraisal of a new patented method for control of chicken coccidiosis

“…It is worth noting that the new method of dual interception by WSD and EOBWE was able to reduce the mortality to 4% in birds of TRT 4, a significantly lower frequency of mortality compared to positive control birds of TRT 7 (P < 0.05); moreover, the dual interception by WSD for disinfecting the oocyst-contaminated floor and synergism between salinomycin in feed and EOBWE in drinking water of birds in TRT 5 was able to reduce the mortality further to a lowest frequency of 2%, a frequency equivalent to that obtained by the negative controls (P > 0.05) (Table 6). The effectiveness of WSD against sporulated oocysts contaminating the floor (Barbour and Krull 2018), the salinomycin mechanism in inactivation of Eimeria microorganisms (Chappel 1979;Yang et al 2019), and the additional inactivation of Eimeria oocysts and other wide spectrum microbes by the essential oil blend and decoction of the Salvia libanotica present in the EOBWE (Jitviriyanon et al 2016;Barbour et al 2018a;Pop et al 2019) could have worked together, enabling the high survival in oocyst-challenged birds of TRT 5.…”