Anti-Colitic Effect of Purple Carrot on Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6J Mice

Abstract

The anti-colitic effect of purple carrot (PC) on 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL6/J mice was compared with those of yellow carrot (YC), beet (BT), and red cabbage (RC). Component analysis showed that PC contained cyanidin-3-xyloglucoside, cyanidin-3-xylosyl(sinapoly-glucosyl)galactoside, cyanidin-3-xylosyl(feruloylglucosyl) galactoside, and cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-glycosyl-2-O-xylosylgalactoside). PC diet (5% in AIN 93G diet) strongly reduced DSS-induced colon shortening and inflammatory cell infiltration in mice, followed by RC, BT, and YC diets. Treatment with PC reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 as well as reduced mRNA expression in colon tissue of colitis mice in comparison with other treatments. In addition, PC treatment inhibited colonic mRNA expression of inflammatory factors such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in mice. These results suggest that PC can attenuate the inflammatory reaction in mice with DSS-induced colitis, probably due to the anthocyanins in PC.

Metabolism of Anthocyanins and Modulation of Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…The preventive role of anthocyanin separated from bilberries has been described in the trinitrobenzene sulphonic acidinduced model of colitis mice, where researchers observed that anthocyanin therapy is not only preserved IL-10 secretion but also decreased serum rates TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IFN-γ [70]. More studies found that mice complemented with 100 mg/kg black rice extract through oral gavage found a drop in DSSinduced colonic IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression rates and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) rates that are linearly linked to neutrophil infiltration [54]. Different results are recorded in research using grapes where anthocyanin-rich grape pomace extracts have been established to deter a DSS-induced rise in IL-6, MPO, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) produced by bacterial products and pro-inflammatory cytokines [71].…”

“…As such, there is rising pressure for therapeutic substitutes extracted from natural and functional foods for IBD treatment, namely polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Anthocyanins from black rice [54], black raspberry [41], purple carrot [55] and blueberry [56] have been identified to have a strong alleviation outcome on the mouse model of IBD. More specifically, black raspberry anthocyanins will counteract the disparity in the intestinal microbiota caused by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), which is to say the rise in the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio sp.…”

Mechanisms of Action of Polyacetylenes’ Anti-Inflammatory Function and Their Potential in Cancer Chemoprevention and Treatment

“…Polyacetylenes reduced nitric oxide production in macrophage cells without cytotoxicity [18]. In vivo, purple carrots also inhibited inflammation in colitic mice and reduced colonic mRNA expression of iNOS [17]. FaOH from Heracleum moellendorffii roots has been tested on RAW264.7 cells and found to inhibit LPS-induced overexpression iNOS [52].…”

“…Root vegetables, and particularly purple carrots, are promising research subjects in this respect. By reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6, purple carrots reduced intestinal inflammation in colitic mice [17]. The anti-inflammatory properties of purple carrots was suggested to be due to the high levels of anthocyanin pigments [17]; however, another study showed that polyacetylenes, not anthocyanins, are responsible for the anti-inflammatory bioactivity of purple carrots [18].…”

Physical Exercise Does Not Improve Colon Inflammation in Mice Induced Lambda Carrageenan

“…The treatment group was given treadmill exercise, 7 m/minutes for 30 minutes (include 5 minutes warming up, 20 minutes exercise, and 5 minutes cooling down) (Kim et al, 2018), and 3 times a week (Durigan et al, 2009). After six weeks of treatment (Shang et al, 2017), all mice were sacrified with cervical disclocation technique.…”