Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability Consensus Algorithm Based on Weightage to Contributors in a Food Supply Chain of Industry 4.0

Abstract

Supply chain management can significantly benefit from contemporary technologies. Among these technologies, blockchain is considered suitable for anti-counterfeiting and traceability applications due to its openness, decentralization, anonymity, and other characteristics. This article introduces different types of blockchains and standard algorithms used in blockchain technology and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. To improve the work efficiency of anti-counterfeiting traceability systems in supply chains and reduce their energy consumption, this paper proposes a model based on the practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) algorithm of alliance chains. This model uses a credit evaluation system to select the primary node and integrates the weightage to contributors (WtC) algorithm based on the consensus mechanism. This model can reduce the decline in the algorithm success rate while increasing the number of malicious transaction nodes, thereby reducing the computing cost. Additionally, the throughput of the algorithmic system increases rapidly, reaching approximately 680 transactions per second (TPS) in about 120 min after the malicious nodes are eliminated. The throughput rapidly increases as the blacklist mechanism reduces the number of malicious nodes, which improves the system’s fault tolerance. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, a case study was conducted using data from the anti-counterfeiting traceability system of the real-life supply chain of a food company. The analysis results show that after a period of stable operation of the WtCPBFT algorithm in the proposed model, the overall communication cost of the system was reduced, the throughput and stability were improved, and the fault-tolerant performance of the system was improved. In conclusion, this paper presents a novel model that utilizes the PBFT algorithm of alliance chains and the WtC algorithm to improve the efficiency and security of anti-counterfeiting traceability systems in supply chains. The results of the case study indicate that this model can effectively reduce communication costs, improve throughput and stability, and enhance the fault tolerance of the system.

A Conceptual Model Relationship between Industry 4.0—Food-Agriculture Nexus and Agroecosystem: A Literature Review and Knowledge Gaps

“…The ESG in the Food Processing Sector Supplement includes food sector efforts to promote the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of food production chains, including agriculture [ 195 ]. The present literature on I4FA [ 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 ] supports this.…”

“…Figure 14 shows the conceptual relationships between the agroecosystem and three related UN-SDGs, where food items are deficient in quantity and quality in today's and future societies under the presence and impacts of environmental stresses (climate change) factors. Therefore, the connectivity between agriculture and I4 stems from the need for food sustainability and sustainable FSC [200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216][217]. Population increase, climate change, food waste, and pandemics have hampered global food security [39].…”

The Application of IoT Technology in Product Traceability and Anti-counterfeiting

“…The literature also delves into specific IoT technologies and their applications in anticounterfeiting. RFID technology, with its ability to store and transmit data wirelessly, has been extensively studied for its effectiveness in product authentication and traceability [5] . Smart labels and tags embedded with RFID chips can be attached to products, allowing for seamless tracking and verification of authenticity.…”

Discovering the Global Landscape of Agri-Food and Blockchain: A Bibliometric Review

“…This technology can also enable smart contracts to automate supply chain management and product quality control [12]. Nevertheless, the integration of blockchain technology into the agri-food supply chain remains nascent, presenting challenges including but not limited to scalability, energy consumption, privacy, and complexity [21], [22], [23]. In order to fully realize its potential to revolutionize the agri-food supply chain through the provision of transparency, provenance, and efficiency, it is critical to address these challenges.…”