Anti-depressive mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rat: The role of the endocannabinoid system

Treatment-resistant depression: are animal models of depression fit for purpose?

“…However, while TMS is also effective in reversing behavioural and neurochemical abnormalities in animal models of depression (e.g. Keck et al 2001;Feng et al 2012;Kim et al 2014;Wang et al 2014), to our knowledge, TMS has not yet been tested in any of the models listed in Table 1 that are of interest in relation to treatment-resistant depression.…”

Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Depression: from Preclinical to Clinical Evidence

“…In well validated animal models of depression such as the chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm or the bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model, which produce behavioural and neurochemical changes similar to those in human depression, a significant increase of CB1 receptor density and binding has been found in the PFC [96][97][98][99][100], together with a significant decrease in the ventral striatum, hypothalamus [96], midbrain [97] and hippocampus [99,[101][102][103]. This latter seems to be associated with a significant alteration of the hippocampal endocannabinoid-mediated neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity [104].…”

Quetiapine and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ameliorate depression-like behaviors and up-regulate the proliferation of hippocampal-derived neural stem cells in a rat model of depression: The involvement of the BDNF/ERK signal pathway

“…rTMS was performed as described in our previous studies with minor modifications (Wang et al, 2014). A commercially available stimulator (inner diameter, 2.5 cm; outer diameter, 5 cm; custom-made YIRD, China) was employed.…”

“…The details of the CUS procedure have been described by Bambico et al (2009) and our previous work (Wang et al, 2014). After 10 days of initial habituation, the rats in the CUS groups were subjected to various and repeated unpredictable stressors for 4 weeks.…”