Anti-diabetic activity of field cricket glycosaminoglycan by ameliorating oxidative stress

Abstract

Background: Field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is newly emerged as an edible insect in several countries. Antiinflammatory effect of glycosaminoglycan derived from this cricket on chronic disease animal model such as diabetic mouse has not been fully investigated yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the antioxidative effect of such glycosaminoglycan on diabetic mouse. Methods: To discover potential therapeutic agents, field cricket glycosaminoglycan (GbG) was tested in the present study. Its anti-oxidative activities in diabetic mice were determined based on its abilities to reduce glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, LDL-cholesterol and BUN levels. Dung beetle (C. molossus) glycosaminoglycan (CaG) was used as a positive control. Db mice were intraperitoneally administered for 1 month according to their group assignments: 1) normal (DB-Hetero); 2) control (DB-Homo); 3) 5 mg/kg treatment of CaG (CaG5); 4) 5 mg/kg treatment of GbG (GbG5); and 5) 10 mg/kg treatment of metformin (Metformin 10). Results: Blood glucose level decreased after 1st week of treatment with GbG. LDL-cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels were also inhibited by GbG. Markers of oxidative damage, such as protein carbonyl content and levels of hepatocellular biomarkers, were reduced in db mice treated with GbG. Especially anti-oxidative activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased in GbG treated group compared to those in the control (Db Homo). GbG was composed of heparin disaccharides. Its main N-glycan was identified as Hex 9 GlcNAc 2 (m/z 1905.7) with neutral mono-sugar mainly comprising of hexose and L (+) rhamnose by mass spectroscopy. Conclusions: Sero-biochemical and hepatocellular anti-oxidant assay results in db mice suggest that cricket (G. bimaculatus) glycosaminoglycan might possess anti-oxidative effect in diabetic state.

Dietary Modulation of Oxidative Stress From Edible Insects: A Mini-Review

“…These oxidation products were studied respectively in four in vivo interventions, one in cells for MDA and in two in vivo interventions for 8-OhdG, also in those cases with positive results. One intervention (32) has also evaluated the content of serum uric acid-the final oxidation product of purine metabolism-and two interventions (27,32) have evaluated that of carbonyl-a marker of protein oxidation. In this context, we should recall that protein carbonyl levels are elevated in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, or diabetes (38); on the other hand, serum uric acid levels can be a marker of renal and cardiovascular risk, in particular as a consequence of diabetes (39).…”

“…Three different studies have underlined the capacity of aqueous extracts of Gryllus bimaculatus (20), the methanolic extract of defatted powder and usaponifiable lipids, obtained by T. molitor (13), and B. mori protein hydrolysates to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. NO production was reduced also in D-HMVECs, i.e., diabetic type 2 microvascular endothelial cells, by glycosaminoglycan from G. bimaculatus (27).…”

“…Glycosaminoglycan extracted from G. bimaculatus and administered for 1 month to BKS.Cg-m+/+Lepr db diabetic mice reduced blood carbonyl content, but not that of liver. It also did not affect GST, but improved CAT and GPx levels (27). The ethanolic extracts of Protaetia brevitaris larvae, administered with a high-fat diet for 7 weeks, increased GPx and CAT in liver of obese C57BL/6J mice (34).…”

“…Differently from other studies, Dutta et al (18) showed that aqueous extract of Vespa affinis was able to increase the activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) (18). Table 2 summarizes the results obtained on the antioxidant activity of different insects and invertebrates; eight were tested in cellular models (12,13,18,20,(26)(27)(28)(29) and as many in animal models (20,27,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). For what concerns cellular models, the effects of the water-soluble extract of dung beetles of Onitis sp., mole crickets of Gryllotalpa sp., grasshopper of Caelifera sp.…”

Functional properties of edible insects: a systematic review

“…Nine studies (6,20,24,32,39,40,(43)(44)(45) investigating the antioxidant activity in cellular model of ten species of insects are described in Table 4. Gryllus bimaculatus and Tenebrio molitor were the most utilised insects, examined in three studies.…”