Anti-Diabetic Effects and Mechanisms of Dietary Polysaccharides

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial, heterogeneous metabolic disorder, causing various health complications and economic issues, which apparently impacts the human’s life. Currently, commercial diabetic drugs are clinically managed for diabetic treatment that has definite side effects. Dietary polysaccharides mainly derive from natural sources, including medicinal plants, grains, fruits, vegetables, edible mushroom, and medicinal foods, and possess anti-diabetic potential. Hence, this review summarizes the effects of dietary polysaccharides on diabetes and underlying molecular mechanisms related to inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and diabetes in various animal models. The analysis of literature and appropriate data on anti-diabetic polysaccharide from electronic databases was conducted. In vivo and in vitro trials have revealed that treatment of these polysaccharides has hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, which enhance pancreatic β-cell mass and alleviates β-cell dysfunction. It enhances insulin signaling pathways through insulin receptors and activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, and eventually modulates ERK/JNK/MAPK pathway. In conclusion, dietary polysaccharides can effectively ameliorate hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and, thus, consumption of polysaccharides can be a valuable choice for diabetic control.

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids against the Emerging Opportunistic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

“…Most commonly the flavonoids are the secondary metabolites of the plant kingdom with well-known wide-ranging classes of polyphenols. They normally exist in all kinds of vegetables, fruits and beverages [80][81][82][83][84]. WHO estimated that 25% of existing drugs are derived from plants used in folk medicine [85,86].…”

Adjuvant Therapy With Mushroom Polysaccharides for Diabetic Complications

“…Polysaccharides extracted from mushrooms have multiple pharmacological activities and low toxicity and have attracted more attention from researchers (Ganesan and Xu, 2019); assessing polysaccharides with therapeutic effects on diabetic complications has become an important research area (Wang D. et al, 2019). Mycelium zinc polysaccharides from Pleurotus djamor show hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects through the regulation of oxidative stress (OS) and exhibit potential effects on diabetic complications (Zhang et al, 2015).…”

Antihyperglycemic activity of fruit extracts of Sri Lankan endemic species <i>Garcinia quaesita</i> Pierre “Rathgoraka” and its isolated compound, garcinol

“…Medicinal plants have gained tremendous interest as edible natural antihyperglycemic and antioxidant sources (Ganesan and Xu, 2019). Some of the bioactive compounds isolated from these medicinal plants demonstrated hypoglycemic along with antioxidative properties in vivo and have been recommended to be effective in the long term management of diabetes and its complications (Salehi et al, 2019).…”