Anti-Gastritis and Anti-Lung Injury Effects of Pine Tree Ethanol Extract Targeting Both NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways

Abstract

An ethanol extract (Pd-EE) of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc was derived from the branches of pine trees. According to the Donguibogam, pine resin has the effects of lowering the fever, reducing pain, and killing worms. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Pd-EE has anti-inflammatory effects. During in vitro trials, NO production, as well as changes in the mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes and the phosphorylation levels of related proteins, were confirmed in RAW264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide depending on the presence or absence of Pd-EE treatment. The activities of transcription factors were checked in HEK293T cells transfected with adapter molecules in the inflammatory pathway. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of Pd-EE was also estimated in vivo with acute gastritis and acute lung injury models. LC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the components of Pd-EE. This extract reduced the production of NO and the mRNA expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, protein expression levels of p50 and p65 and phosphorylation levels of FRA1 were decreased. In the luciferase assay, the activities of NF-kB and AP-1 were lowered. In acute gastritis and acute lung injury models, Pd-EE suppressed inflammation, resulting in alleviated damage.

Mitigation of Gastric Damage Using Cinnamomum cassia Extract: Network Pharmacological Analysis of Active Compounds and Protection Effects in Rats

“…Specifically, the NF-κB signaling pathway exhibited the highest p -value and gene ratio. According to several studies, suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway exhibits anti-gastritis effects [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. In addition, extracts and derived compounds of C. cassia showed anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Anti-Inflammatory Functions of Methanol Extract from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Leaves and Shoots by Targeting the NF-κB Pathway

“…Ranitidine, which is used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines, was used as a positive control. Based on our previous study [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ] and in vitro activity of Mb-ME showing a concentration range from 0 to 100 μg/mL, we decided doses of Mb-ME and ranitidine up to 200 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. As shown in Figure 5 A,B, Mb-ME strongly ameliorated the inflammatory lesion to a degree similar to that of ranitidine.…”

Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium of Monoterpene-Sesquiterpene System Containing Resin Acid

“…10 Also, as the main component of colophony, diterpenoid abietic acid is a good pharmaceutical intermediate for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer drugs. 5,11,12 Besides, industrial chemicals derived from the resin can serve as a substitute for chemicals derived from petroleum, in addition to facilitating the development of unique biofuels. 13 Terpene-rich resin exists in canals that run through pine trees.…”

“…Longifolene, one of the main sesquiterpenes, has been generally used as a fragrance chemical . Also, as the main component of colophony, diterpenoid abietic acid is a good pharmaceutical intermediate for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer drugs. ,, Besides, industrial chemicals derived from the resin can serve as a substitute for chemicals derived from petroleum, in addition to facilitating the development of unique biofuels …”