Anti-Hypertensive Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-Rich<i>Chlorella</i>on High-Normal Blood Pressure and Borderline Hypertension in Placebo-Controlled Double Blind Study

Shimada, Morio; Hasegawa, Takashi; Nishimura, Chiaki; Kan, Hiroko; Kanno, Toshihiro; Nakamura, Toshio; Matsubayashi, Tsuneo

doi:10.1080/10641960902977908

Cited by 96 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Some studies suggest that supplementation with 10~20 mg (equivalent to 97~194 µmol) GABA reduces blood pressure in human [29,30]. Commercially available GABA enriched "Tokuho" foods are typically supplemented with 20 mg of GABA in Japan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of a free-form amino acid database for vegetables and mushrooms

Ito¹,

Ueno²,

Kikuzaki³

2017

Integr Food Nutr Metab

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Free-form amino acids were quantitatively measured in over 30 species of vegetables and mushrooms. Significant amounts of free-form amino acids were found in each species analyzed. Additionally, there appear to be no rules or patterns of free-form amino acid distribution among species. Highly functional free-form amino acids, like γ-aminobutyric acid, are found in significant levels and suggest that amino acid analysis could play an informative role in nutrition. Our analysis should provide valuable data for the establishment of nutritional databases that include free-form amino acids and more accurately represent the entire amino acid profile of foods. IntroductionAmino acids play significant biological roles in human. The amino acids required for human metabolism arise from the digestion and utilization of amino acids from food, and from free-form amino acids within food components (For a list of amino acid abbreviations used in this study: Table 1). Free-form amino acids may be utilized as nutrients and/or act as messengers that target specific receptors.Free-form amino acids exist in foods derived from plants and animals. β-alanine (β-Ala), citrulline (Cit), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and ornithine (Orn) usually exist as free-form amino acids and perform various biological functions including coenzyme components, control of osmoregulation, ammonia detoxification, and as neurotransmitters [1,2]. In human, tryptophan (Trp), a precursor of serotonin and melatonin, acts to regulate circadian rhythm [3]. Some free-form amino acids act as neurotransmitters: in the central nervous system GABA and glycine (Gly) function as inhibitory signals while glutamic acid (Glu) is an excitatory signal [4][5][6][7][8] and may have similar functions in non-neuronal cells [5]. The roles of free-form amino acids in dietary supplements have been extensively explored and dietary branched chain amino acids (BCAA; including valine (Val), leucine (Leu), and isoleucine (Ile)), improve exercise performance, endurance performance, and upper body power in human [9]. Moreover, GABA can reduce high blood pressure [10], and in Japan is authorized as "Tokuho", which is a "food for specified health uses", and other health foods containing GABA are widely available.Glu receptors have been identified on taste buds and the gastrointestinal tract, including stomach cells [11], which suggests that free-form Glu may be involved in enhancing digestion, nutrient absorption, and/or utilization of nutrients [12]. The study was extended to examine the use of daily dietary Glu supplements in the meals of elderly people in hospital [12]. The results of this analysis showed that Glu supplementation improved the nutritional status of elderly and nutritionally deficient patients through improved food intake [12][13][14]. Therefore, free-form Glu is a highly effective supplement with the potential to improve quality of life (QOL) [12,15,16]. It is likely that information about the amino acid composition of both hydrolyzed samples and free-form amino ac...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of a free-form amino acid database for vegetables and mushrooms

Ito¹,

Ueno²,

Kikuzaki³

2017

Integr Food Nutr Metab

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“…In fact, some GABA A (a type of GABA receptors) agonist drugs are important pharmacological agents used for clinical treatment of anxiety (e.g., benzodiazepines) (Foster and Kemp, 2006). In addition to this stress management role, GABA was reported to lower blood pressure in humans with mild hypertension (Shimada et al, 2009; Pouliot-Mathieu et al, 2013) and to have a significant anti-diabetic effect (Adeghate and Ponery, 2002; Wan et al, 2015). Beside this, patients with Alzheimer’s disease have a decreased level of GABA in their temporal cortex, occipital cortex and cerebellum (Seidl et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus thermophilus APC151 Strain Is Suitable for the Manufacture of Naturally GABA-Enriched Bioactive Yogurt

et al. 2016

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Consumer interest in health-promoting food products is a major driving force for the increasing global demand of functional (probiotic) dairy foods. Yogurt is considered the ideal medium for delivery of beneficial functional ingredients. Gamma-amino-butyric acid has potential as a bioactive ingredient in functional foods due to its health-promoting properties as an anti-stress, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic agent. Here, we report the use of a novel Streptococcus thermophilus strain, isolated from the digestive tract of fish, for production of yogurt naturally enriched with 2 mg/ml of gamma-amino-butyric acid (200 mg in a standard yogurt volume of 100 ml), a dose in the same range as that provided by some commercially available gamma-amino-butyric acid supplements. The biotechnological suitability of this strain for industrial production of yogurt was demonstrated by comparison with the reference yogurt inoculated with the commercial CH1 starter (Chr. Hansen) widely used in the dairy industry. Both yogurts showed comparable pH curves [ΔpH/Δt = 0.31-0.33 h-1], viscosity [0.49 Pa-s], water holding capacity [72–73%], and chemical composition [moisture (87–88%), protein (5.05–5.65%), fat (0.12–0.15%), sugar (4.8–5.8%), and ash (0.74–1.2%)]. Gamma-amino-butyric acid was not detected in the control yogurt. In conclusion, the S. thermophilus APC151 strain reported here provides a natural means for fortification of yogurt with gamma-amino-butyric acid.

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“…The plant extract of this plant can lower blood glucose level in pancreatectomized rabbits as well as normal rabbits, and was used traditionally in Mexico for treating diabetes [27].…”

Section: Puntia Cactusmentioning

confidence: 99%