Anti-<i>Toxoplasma</i>Activity of Estragole and Thymol in Murine Models of Congenital and Noncongenital Toxoplasmosis

Oliveira, Cláudio Bruno Silva de; Meurer, Ywlliane da Silva Rodrigues; Medeiros, Thales Lira de; Pohlit, Adrian Martin; Silva, Murilo Vieira da; Mineo, Tiago Wilson Patriarca; Andrade‐Neto, Valter Ferreira de

doi:10.1645/15-848

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Twelve male mice were randomly assigned to control (n = 6) and T. gondii-infected (n = 6) groups. T. gondii was orally infected following the infection protocol from Oliveira et al (30) Briefly, mice were infected with 25 T. gondii ME49 cysts which were maintained in Swiss Webster mice and isolated before infection. Both experimental groups were monitored for 30 days to establish chronic toxoplasmosis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii infection damages the perineuronal nets in a murine model

Meurer

Brito

Silva

et al. 2020

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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BACKGROUND Behavioral and neurochemical alterations associated with toxoplasmosis may be influenced by the persistence of tissue cysts and activation of an immune response in the brain of Toxoplasma gondii-infected hosts. The cerebral extracellular matrix is organised as perineuronal nets (PNNs) that are both released and ensheath by some neurons and glial cells. There is evidences to suggest that PNNs impairment is a pathophysiological mechanism associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. However, there is a lack of information regarding the impact of parasitic infections on the PNNs integrity and how this could affect the host's behavior. OBJECTIVES In this context, we aimed to analyse the impact of T. gondii infection on cyst burden, PNNs integrity, and possible effects in the locomotor activity of chronically infected mice. METHODS We infected mice with T. gondii ME-49 strain. After thirty days, we assessed locomotor performance of animals using the open field test, followed by evaluation of cysts burden and PNNs integrity in four brain regions (primary and secondary motor cortices, prefrontal and somesthetic cortex) to assess the PNNs integrity using Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) labeling by immunohistochemical analyses. FINDINGS AND MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a random distribution of cysts in the brain, the disruption of PNNs surrounding neurons in four areas of the cerebral cortex and hyperlocomotor behavior in T. gondii-infected mice. These results can contribute to elucidate the link toxoplasmosis with the establishment of neuroinflammatory response in neuropsychiatric disorders and to raise a discussion about the mechanisms related to changes in brain connectivity, with possible behavioral repercussions during chronic T. gondii infection.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii infection damages the perineuronal nets in a murine model

Meurer

Brito

Silva

et al. 2020

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…In T. gondii infection, the production of nitric oxide is controlled by the partial inhibition of the synthesis of nitric oxide synthetase. Theoretically, modulation of cytokine is extremely important, because nitric oxide is considered as a part of the initial effectors in the immune system response against toxoplasmosis [34]. Our findings suggest that the decrease in parasite load in the infected mice treated with MCEO can be associated to the strengthening of the immune system, principally the innate immune system, of the tested mice that result in the control of T. gondii infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Myrtus communis Essential Oil; Anti-Parasitic Effects and Induction of the Innate Immune System in Mice with Toxoplasma gondii Infection

et al. 2021

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Background: Myrtus communis (M. communis) is a wild aromatic plant used for traditional herbal medicine that can be demonstrated in insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity of its essential oils (MCEO). Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic effects of M. communis essential oil (MCEO) against chronic toxoplasmosis induced by the Tehran strain of Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was performed to determine the chemical composition of MCEO. Mice were then orally administrated with MCEO at the doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day and also atovaquone 100 mg/kg for 21 days. On the 15th day, the mice were infected with the intraperitoneal inoculation of 20–25 tissue cysts from the Tehran strain of T. gondii. The mean numbers of brain tissue cysts and the mRNA levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ in mice of each tested group were measured. Results: By GC/MS, the major constituents were α-pinene (24.7%), 1,8-cineole (19.6%), and linalool (12.6%), respectively. The results demonstrated that the mean number of T. gondii tissue cysts in experimental groups Ex1 (p < 0.05), Ex2 (p < 0.001) and Ex3 (p < 0.001) was meaningfully reduced in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group (C2). The mean diameter of tissue cyst was significantly reduced in mice of the experimental groups Ex2 (p < 0.01) and Ex3 (p < 0.001). The results demonstrated that although the mRNA levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 were elevated in all mice of experimental groups, a significant increase (p < 0.001) was observed in tested groups of Ex2 and Ex3 when compared with control groups. Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated the potent prophylactic effects of MCEO especially in the doses 200 and 300 mg/kg in mice infected with T. gondii. Although the exceptional anti-Toxoplasma effects of MCEO and other possessions, such as improved innate immunity and low toxicity are positive topics, there is, however, a need for more proof from investigations in this field.

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“…Oliveira et al showed that the mortality in mice with toxoplasmosis can be inhibited by phenolic compounds such as vanillin [ 20 ]. Moreover, Choi et al indicated that the phenolic compounds of ginger root extract can inactivate apoptotic proteins in host cells infected to Toxoplasma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and In Vivo Survey of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag) Rhizome on Toxoplasma gondii

Nikkhoo

Asgari

Moein

et al. 2021

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Background. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis disease that can cause a variety range of manifestations in human specially fetus duration and immunodeficiency conditions. Due to toxicity and side effects of current treatment, we evaluated in vivo and in vitro effects of ethyl acetate extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes (rootstocks) on Toxoplasma gondii. Methods. The plant, Acorus calamus, was collected from Sari, North of Iran in spring season. Ethyl acetate extract was provided from plant rhizomes using Soxhlet apparatus. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The mortality effect of different concentrations (1-256 μg/ml) of the extract on Toxoplasma tachyzoites was assessed by flowcytometry and propidium iodide staining. For the therapeutic effect assessment, the tachyzoites were inoculated intraperitoneally to mice, and then these mice were orally and intraperitoneally administered different concentrations (32, 64, 128, and 256 mg/kg) of the extract. Also, an infected group received PBS including DMSO 1% as negative control, and an infected group administered sulfadiazine as positive control. For toxicity evaluation of this extract, a group only received dose 256 mg/kg. Results. The plant extract was rich of phenolic compounds ( 41.27 ± 0.21 mg / g ), whereas it contained fewer amounts of flavonoids ( 4.79 ± 0.01 mg / g ). Results of in vitro experiments showed that there is an inverse relationship between the concentrations and the mortality of the parasites ( I C 50 = 200.01 ± 7.74 μ g / ml ). The highest percentage (62%) of dead tachyzoites was seen at maximum concentration of the extract. A significant longevity (8.9 days) was belonged to mice orally administered extract dose (256 mg/kg/day).Conclusion. The ethyl acetate extract of A. calamus rhizomes had significant anti-Toxoplasma activities either in vitro or in vivo. It may be connected to high amount of phenolic compounds. We suggest that the effects of different fractions and the admin types of the extract will be evaluated on the parasite.

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Anti-ToxoplasmaActivity of Estragole and Thymol in Murine Models of Congenital and Noncongenital Toxoplasmosis

Cited by 24 publications

References 36 publications

Toxoplasma gondii infection damages the perineuronal nets in a murine model

Toxoplasma gondii infection damages the perineuronal nets in a murine model

Myrtus communis Essential Oil; Anti-Parasitic Effects and Induction of the Innate Immune System in Mice with Toxoplasma gondii Infection

In Vitro and In Vivo Survey of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag) Rhizome on Toxoplasma gondii

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