Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Mechanism of Cryptochlorogenic Acid from Ageratina adenophora

Abstract

Ageratina adenophora is an invasive plant known for its toxicity to livestock. Current research on this plant has shifted from toxicity prevention to the beneficial utilization of plant resources. This study was performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of cryptochlorogenic acid (CCGA) isolated from Ageratina adenophora on the inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with CCGA (200, 100, and 50 μg/mL) and subsequently stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 16 h. The cytotoxicity of CCGA was tested using the Cell Counting Kit (CCK8). The mechanism of action of CCGA in attenuating inflammation was also identified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. The results showed that CCGA had a maximal safe concentration of 200 mg/mL. Moreover, CCGA reduced the level of nitric oxide (NO) and iNOS in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.01). In addition, CCGA reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells at both the mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.01). CCGA prevented the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells via the inhibition of IKK and IκB phosphorylation and the degradation of IκB proteins (p < 0.01). This finding indicated that CCGA isolated from A. adenophora may be a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

Oddioside A, a New Phenolic Glycoside Isolated from the Fruits of Morus alba (Mulberry), Protects TNF-α-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblast Damage

“…Among these, oddioside A ( 1 ) and compounds 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 14 and 15 showed strong MMP-1 inhibitory activity. Several compounds isolated in the present study have already been reported for various effects such as anti-inflammatory ( 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ), antioxidant ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 ), and anti-aging ( 3 , 9 , 13 ) in various cell lines [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. Thus, further experiments were focused on the new compound 1 to investigate its potential as a bioactive compound.…”

The Behavior of Phenolic Compounds from Apples during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion with Focus on Chlorogenic Acid

“…Isomers have been studied for beneficial effects: cryptochlorogenic acid for anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidative effects [ 23 , 24 ], and neochlorogenic acid for anti-inflammatory activity [ 25 ]. The bioactivities of cryptochlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid should be considered when explaining the beneficial effects of apples in the digestive system due to their relatively high amount (in the mouth up to 22% of the total chlorogenic acid amount before digestion of the peel; in the small intestine 41% and 12% of the total chlorogenic acid amount before digestion of the peel or flesh, respectively).…”

“…However, more studies are necessary to understand this process, and to understand the fate of isomers of chlorogenic acids and their potential degradation in the environments of the different phases of digestion. Some studies showed the potential of the isomer cryptochlorogenic acid to attenuate inflammatory symptoms [ 23 , 24 ] and to inhibit oxidative stress [ 23 ]. Anti-inflammatory effects were shown for the isomer neochlorogenic acid as well [ 25 ].…”

Putative Identification of 12 Isomeric and 21 Non-isomeric Compounds from Leaves of Rubus Alceifolius Poir Using Database-affinity UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Qrbitrap-MS/MS

“…More importantly, our putative identi cation has successfully discriminated isomers, e.g., luteolin 7-O-β-glucuronide (16) and scutellarin (23). Both of them showed a strong base peak m/z 285 and a weak molecular ion peak m/z 461, resulting in highly similar MS/MS pro les.…”