Anti-inflammatory Activity of n-Propyl Gallate Through Down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK Pathways

Abstract

The present study aimed to assess anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanism of n-propyl gallate, the n-propyl ester of gallic acid. n-Propyl gallate was shown to contain anti-inflammatory activity using two experimental animal models, acetic acid-induced permeability model in mice, and air pouch model in rats. It suppressed production of nitric oxide and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It was able to diminish reactive oxygen species level elevated in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It also suppressed gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 enhanced in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It inhibited inhibitory κB-α degradation and enhanced NF-κB promoter activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. It was able to suppress phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) and activation of c-Jun promoter activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. In brief, n-propyl gallate possesses anti-inflammatory activity via down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK pathways.

The Antiangiogenic and Antinociceptive Activities of n‐Propyl Gallate

“…The antiinflammatory activity of n ‐propyl gallate, previously assessed using acetic acid‐induced permeability and air pouch models in experimental animals (Jung et al , ), was further supported by its antiangiogenic activity. The antinociceptive activity of n ‐propyl gallate would be related with its antiinflammatory activity by down‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 (Jung et al , ). However, the relationship between antiangiogenic and antinociceptive activities of n ‐propyl gallate currently remains uncertain.…”

“…Serum endostatin level was found to be elevated in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Hebbar et al, 2000). The antiinflammatory activity of n-propyl gallate, previously assessed using acetic acid-induced permeability and air pouch models in experimental animals (Jung et al, 2010), was further supported by its antiangiogenic activity. The antinociceptive activity of n-propyl gallate would be related with its antiinflammatory activity by downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (Jung et al, 2010).…”

Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production by Ethyl Digallates Isolated from Galla Rhois in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

“…Recent studies have shown that different types of gallic acid-derived constituents inhibit various infl ammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α and iNOS (Lin and Lin, 1997;Jung et al, 2010;Tipoe et al, 2010). It would be interesting to examine inhibitory effects of EDG and other gallic acid-derived components on infl ammatory responses in vivo, which produce valuable information about what component would be the most effective for the treatment of infl ammation-associated diseases.…”

“…Further, recent studies have shown that tanninderived components, such as gallates, propyl gallates, and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), suppress production of infl ammatory cytokines in mast calls (Melgarejo et al, 2010), inhibit NF-kappa B and JNK activation in macrophages (Jung et al, 2010) and expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells (Murase et al, 1999), indicating that Galla Rhois and its constituents would be promising for the treatment of infl ammatory disease.…”

Molecular Pharmacology of Honey

“…The pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts (DC) is primarily associated with hyperglycaemia-induced osmotic pressure disorder [77]. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) are promising therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of DC in a number of animal model based studies [78][79][80]. Due to liver and gastrointestinal side effects in humans ARIs have limited clinical applicability [81].…”