Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Activities of Phenolic Compounds from Alnus sibirica Stems Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis

Abstract

Fermentation of Alnus sibirica (AS) stems using Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. argentoratensis was conducted and three compounds isolated from the Alnus species were identified for the first time, 7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptan-3-one, 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptan-3-one and 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one, along with 14 known compounds. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory abilities of AS and fermented AS (FAS) as well as the isolated phenolic compounds from FAS were investigated. FAS showed stronger anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities than non-fermented AS.

Anti-acne vulgaris effect including skin barrier improvement and 5α-reductase inhibition by tellimagrandin I from Carpinus tschonoskii

“…IC 50 values were defined as the concentration needed to scavenge 50% free radicals. Ascorbic acid served as the positive control [38].…”

“…L-NMMA was used as a positive control. Inhibition of NO synthesis was calculated as inhibition rate (%) = [1 - (sample OD - blank OD)/(control OD - blank OD)] × 100, and the IC50 values were defined as concentrations that inhibit 50% of NO production [38].…”

Anti-inflammatory activity of naturally occuring diarylheptanoids – A review

“…Among them, muricarpon B (1), initially characterized in 2006 from Amomum muricarpum (Zingiberaceae), 22 was isolated by Korean Min-Won Lee's team from fermented barks of Alnus sibirica (Betulaceae) and reported intensive biological studies to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. According to the various reported studies, it showed potent antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging assays with IC50 values of 20.1 M, 23 24.1 M 24 and 38.7 M 25 (compared to AA: IC50 = 46.0, 23 24.8 24 and 44.7 25 M respectively), NBT superoxide radical scavenging effect with IC50 values of 30.1 M 24 and 12.7 M 25 (compared to allopurinol as positive control, IC50 = 8 24 and 3.9 25 M respectively) and strong NO production inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 6.6 M, 23 which could be explained by non-specific Michael addition reactions. 27 Hirsutenone (2) was also widely evaluated against cytokines production and proteins expression.…”

“…Stereochemistry is reported as mentioned in the original articles. Alnus sibirica [23][24][25] Alnus formosana 27 Alnus japonica 28,[30][31][32]33 Alnus hirsuta 29 Alnus tinctoria 34 -…”

“…Alnus sibirica 23,25 Alnus formosana 27 Alnus japonica 28 Alnus hirsuta 29,35,36 Alnus sibirica 23 Alnus formosana 27,41,42 Alnus japonica 28,37,41,45 Alnus hirsuta 35,36,43 Alnus nepalensis 39 Alnus tinctoria 34 Alnus incana 44 Diarylheptanoids are the dominant constituents within the genus Alnus plants which are well known for their traditional uses in the treatment of various diseases like cancer, hepatitis, inflammation etc… Some of these diarylheptanoids exhibiting potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects are discussed in the review. 21 In particular, a series of tetraphenolic linear compounds have attracted much interest and been subjected of numerous biological evaluations.…”