Anti-Inflammatory and Antiplatelet Activities of Plasma Are Conserved Across Twelve Mammalian Species

Abstract

Human plasma inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism and platelet aggregation. This helps human form a haemostatic control system that prevents the progress of certain aggregatory or inflammatory reactions. Whether this property of plasma is unique to human or extends to other species is not well known. It is speculated that this protective ability of plasma remains evolutionarily conserved in different mammals. In order to confirm this, the effect of plasma from 12 different mammalian species was investigated for its inhibitory potential against arachidonic acid metabolism and platelet aggregation. Metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways was studies using radio-immuno assay and thin layer chromatography while platelet aggregation in the plasma of various mammals was monitored following turbedmetric method in a dual OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2014, 19 11386 channel aggregometer. Results indicate that inhibition of AA metabolism and platelet aggregation is a common feature of plasma obtained from different mammalian species, although there exists large interspecies variation. This shows that besides human, other mammals also possess general protective mechanisms against various aggregatory and inflammatory conditions and this anti-inflammatory property of the plasma is evolutionarily conserved in mammalian species. The most likely candidates responsible for these properties of plasma include haptoglobin, albumin and lipoproteins.

Aqueous Extract of Malus domestica Inhibits Human Platelet Aggregation Induced by Multiple Agonists

“…However, MD-Aq was not effective against collagen and ADPinduced platelet aggregation. Similar pharmacological effects of medicinal plants have been reported previously (Ahmed, Gul, Idris, et al 2014) (Gul et al 2013). It has been reported that apples and other healthy fruits and vegetables offer pharmacological benefits through various mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals, inhibiting free radical production, and enhancing the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes to protect the body from damage (Fernandez-Panchon et al 2008, Halliwell, Rafter, and Jenner 2005, Balasundram, Sundram, and Samman 2006.…”

“…Human plasma was used as a sample. The assay was done as explained by Ahmed and associates (Ahmed, Gul, Idris, et al 2014). All the kit chemicals, MD-Aq, and finally, the substrate were added sequentially to create the reaction mixture.…”

“…The absorbance wavelength is set at 340nm. Combining the peroxidase reaction with the glutathione reductase and nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) mediated reduction of oxidized glutathione is the principle of this assay (Ahmed, Gul, Idris, et al 2014). t-Butylhydroperoxide (hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide) reduction was followed by the decrease in absorbance of NADPH at 340 nm.…”

A Dynamic Predictive Search Algorithm for Fast Block-Based Motion Estimation

“…One very common initial point is median MV of adjacent blocks in the current frame which has been used in many predictive algorithms [20]. In H.264/AVC standard, after finishing the ME process the encoder needs to calculate this spatial median MV for other modules any ways, hence using that in initial step of ME does not add any extra calculation to the process.…”

Natural Sources of Inhibition of Adenosine Diphosphate-Induced Platelet Aggregation

“…Methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark (Mimosaceae) significantly inhibited ADP-induced human platelet aggregation (Imran et al, 2012). The aqueous fraction of Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) showed potent inhibition against ADP-induced aggregation but was only partially active against collagen-induced aggregation (Ahmed et al, 2014). Crude extract of Rhynchosia reniformis (Fabaceae) potently blocked ADP-stimulated aggregation of platelets (Ahmad et al, 2011).…”