Anti‐inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of ginseng extract bioconverted by Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM 12010P isolated from kimchi

Abstract

Summary A bioconversion technique using microorganisms has been applied to ginseng to increase content of bioactive ginsenoside and biofunctionality such as anticancer, anti‐obesity and antioxidant activities. The objective of this study was to screen lactic acid bacteria for bioconversion of ginsenosides and to evaluate anti‐inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of bioconverted ginseng extract. Strains isolated from kimchi were screened for their β‐glucosidase activities using esculin agar. Selected strain was identified based on 16S rRNA sequencing and carbohydrate fermentation. During ginseng fermentation, viable cell number and pH were determined. Bioconverted ginsenosides were analysed by HPLC. Anti‐inflammatory effects were evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells, and cytotoxic effects were determined by MTT assay. Among 166 isolates screened, Leuconostoc mesenteroides was selected for ginseng bioconversion, as it showed a higher β‐glucosidase activity and viable cell number than any of the other tested strains. After fermentation for 2 days, viable cell number was 8.8 log CFU mL−1 and final pH was 4.8. Ginsenoside Rb2 was bioconverted into ginsenoside Rg3 (Rb2 → Rd → Rg3) by L. mesenteroides. The nitric oxide contents of 2‐day‐fermented extract decreased by as much as 25%, compared to a non‐fermented extract. The cell viabilities of HepG2, HT‐29, HeLa and LoVo treated with fermented ginseng extract also decreased by 49.7%, 20.2%, 21.0% and 8.7%, respectively, compared to those of control cells treated with non‐fermented extract. Ginseng extract bioconverted by L. mesenteroides showed anti‐inflammatory and anticancer effects. Therefore, bioconverted ginseng extract might have applications in the pharmaceutical and/or functional food industry.

Improved Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-adipogenic Properties of Hydroponic Ginseng Fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM 12010P

“…LPS in the extracellular membrane of gram-negative bacteria has been known to increase proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which are transcribed by NF-κB [19]. In a previous study [5], L. mesenteroides KCCM 12010P degraded ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd, compound K, and Rh2 in a stepwise manner. It seems that the amount of Rd, compound K and Rh2 in samples may increase due to bioconversion since HPG is rich in Rb1 and Rd.…”

“…A β-carotene-linoleic acid assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation of samples. The procedure was carried out using a slightly modified method of Eom et al [5]. β-carotene (2 mg), linoleic acid (44 μL), and Tween 80 (200 μL) were mixed thoroughly in 10 mL chloroform.…”

“…According to a previous study [5], Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM 12010P isolated from kimchi has a high level of β-glucosidase activity, which can convert ginsenoside Rb2 to Rd and Rg3. In that study, ginseng extract showed anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects following fermentation by L. mesenteroides .…”

Effects of immersion in fermented tea liquid and steam treatments on physicochemical properties and ginsenoside profiles of Korean ginseng

“…Meyer) has been used for improving overall health in Asian countries for more than thousand years. It is considered as an alternative medicine and healthy food because of its many positive health benefits, such as improving blood circulation and lower LDL cholesterol, anti‐diabetic (Kang et al., 2013; Qi et al., 2011; Yuan et al., 2012), neuroprotective activity, improving memory, anti‐inflammatory (Eom et al., 2018; González‐Burgos et al., 2015), and anticancer activities (Ahuje et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2016), anti‐fatigue, anti‐stress, immune function improvement (So et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018), anti‐aging (Bjorklund et al., 2018), and increasing vitality in elderly (Yang et al., 2017).…”

Cooperated biotransformation of ginsenoside extracts into ginsenoside 20( S )‐Rg3 by three thermostable glycosidases

“…Ginsenosides are the main remarkable active components of ginseng ( Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer). They show many biological activities including anticancer (Fu et al ; Jin et al ; Cheng and Xing ; Ma et al ; Oh et al ; Ahmmed et al ), anti‐inflammatory (Wang et al ; Kim et al ; Eom et al ; Shaukat et al ), antioxidant (Jung et al ), antiallergy (Bae et al ), immunity boosting (Liu et al ) and so on. According to the fundamental skeletons of ginsenosides, they can be classified into three types: oleanolic acid type, protopanaxadiol type (PPD‐type) and protopanaxatriol type (PPT‐type).…”