Inflammation involves several steps to respond to harmful stimuli. Plants, plant products, marine compounds, mushrooms and bee products (honey, propolis, bee pollen) have been a target of study in order to find effective anti-inflammatory compounds of natural origin. This Special Issue aims at unravelling some mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of some phenols, terpenes and alkaloids among other secondary metabolites, isolated predominantly from plants and mushrooms.Kong et al. studied the anti-inflammatory activity of 5-HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells as well as the mechanisms involved in this action. 5-HMF that occurs in various food products, such as coffee, dried fruits, honey and fruit juices and results from an acid-catalyzed thermal dehydration of fructose in a heterocyclic Maillard reaction, was able to inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostagandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, reactive oxygen species (ROS) by suppressing the protein phosphorylation of MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinases), NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) and Akt/mTOR (Serine/Threonine kinase / mamalian target of rapamycin) signal pathways in lipopolysaccahride (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells [1].Szebeni et al. studied the anti-inflammatory action of synthetic curcumin analogs, in order to improve the poor bioavailability of curcumin extracted from turmeric that also shows anti-inflammatory activity but without clinical application. The results showed that the curcumin analogs N-((E)-5-(3,5dihydroxyphenyl)-2-((E)-3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acryloyl)-3-oxo-1-phenylpent-4-en-1-yl)acetamide and N-((E)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-((E)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) acryloyl)-3-oxo-1-phenylpent-4-en-1-yl)acr ylamide in rat models of TNBS [(2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid)]-induced colitis were able to reduce tissue destruction as well as the inflammatory conditions of submucosal layers, the severity of colonic inflammation and colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity. The authors also reported that the induction of NF-κB by LPS, Escherichia coli O111:B4 in an NF-κB -driven luciferase expressing reporter cell line, was inhibited by those curcumin analogs on a concentration-dependent manner. N-((E)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-((E)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) acryloyl)-3oxo-1-phenylpent-4-en-1-yl)acrylamide also inhibited the expression of TNF-α, (IL-6), IL-4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after LPS stimulation [2].Wang et al. revealed that erinacine C, a cyathane type diterpenoid, extracted from Hericium erinaceus fungus that is consumed by Chinese and Japanese people, is able to induce the synthesis of nerve growth factor and has anti-inflammatory activity, particularly anti-neuroinflammatory activity. According to the authors [3], this property is due to the capacity for reducing the levels of NO, IL-6, TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), for inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα) ...