Anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory properties of 20(<i>R</i>)-ginsenoside Rh2 in cultured macrophages and keratinocytes

Choi, Woo-Yong; Lim, Hye‐Won; Lim, Chang‐Jin

doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01598.x

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Except for ginsenoside Rg 3 , other stereoisomeric saponins have also been found to exhibit stereospecific pharmacological activities. For example, 20(S)-/20(R)-Rh 2 , the metabolites of 20(S)-/20(R)-Rg 3 , have also been studied on the stereospecific effects in their antitumor, anti-photoaging, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory and osteoclastgenesis inhibitory effects ( Liu J. et al, 2009 ; Choi et al, 2013 ; Fatmawati et al, 2014 ; Oh et al, 2014 ). Compared with 20(R)-Rh 2 , 20(S)-Rh 2 exhibits stronger anticancer effects on prostate cancer cells and human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells ( Liu et al, 2010a ; Zhang et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereoisomers of Saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): A Review

Peng

Zhang

et al. 2018

Front. Pharmacol.

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Panax notoginseng (Sanqi), a traditional Chinese medical drug which has been applied to medical use for over four centuries, contains high content of dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins. A number of stereoisomeric dammarane-type saponins exist in this precious herb, and some are particularly regarded as “biomarkers” in processed notoginseng. Contemporary researches have indicated that some saponin stereoisomers may show stereospecific pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, antioxidative, anti-photoaging, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and neuro-protective activities, as well as stereoselective effects on ion channel current regulation, cardiovascular system, and immune system. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of chemical compositions of raw and processed P. notoginseng with a particular emphasis on saponin stereoisomers. Besides, the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic researches, as well as determination and biotechnological preparation methods of stereoisomeric saponins in notoginseng are discussed extensively.

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Section: Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereoisomers of Saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): A Review

Peng

Zhang

et al. 2018

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…We observed that the average relative abundance of ginsenoside Rh 2 was higher in feces samples (0.903 × 10 6 ± 0.186 × 10 6 ) compared to that in plasma (0.378 × 10 4 ± 0.078 × 10 4 ). In the feces samples, both two stereoisomeric forms of Rh 2 were observed as 20 S - and 20 R -, and these isomers may have different pharmacological effects (Zhang et al , 2012; Chio et al , 2013). Similar to compound K, we observed that average Rh 2 amount from feces is higher in subjects consuming Western diet (1.525 × 10 6 ± 0.216 × 10 6 ) compared to those consuming Asian diet (0.279 × 10 6 ± 0.159 × 10 6 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant difference in active metabolite levels of ginseng in humans consuming Asian or Western diet: The link with enteric microbiota

Wan

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Biomedical Chromatography

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After ginseng ingestion, the bioavailability of its parent compounds is low and enteric microbiota plays an important role in parent compound biotransformation to their metabolites. Diet type can influence the enteric microbiota profile. When human subjects on different diets ingest ginseng, their gut microbiota's different profile may influence the metabolism of ginseng parent compounds. In this study, the effects of different diet type on gut microbiota metabolism of American ginseng saponins were investigated. We recruited six healthy adults who regularly consume different diet type. These subjects received 7 days oral American ginseng, and their biological samples were collected for LC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. We observed significant ginsenoside Rb1 (a major parent compound) and compound K (a major active metabolite) level differences in the samples from the subjects consuming different diet. Subjects on Asian diet have much higher Rb1 levels but much lower compound K levels compared to those on Western diet. Since compound K possesses much better cancer chemoprevention potential, our data suggested that consumers on Western diet should obtain better cancer prevention effects with American ginseng intake compared to those on Asian diet. Ginseng compound levels could be enhanced or reduced via gut microbiota manipulation for clinical utility.

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“…and P. ginseng. [22,23] . Compounds 3 and 4 have two fatty acids in the molecule, whereas Compounds 1 and 2 have one fatty acid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycosyl glycerides from hydroponic Panax ginseng inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

Cha

Park

Shrestha

et al. 2015

Journal of Ginseng Research

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BackgroundAlthough the aerial parts of hydroponic Panax ginseng are reported to contain higher contents of total ginsenosides than those of roots, the isolation and identification of active metabolites from the aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng have not been carried out so far.MethodsThe aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng were applied on repeated silica gel and octadecylsilane columns to yield four glycosyl glycerides (Compounds 1–4), which were identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data. Compounds 1–4 were evaluated for inhibition activity on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Results and conclusionThe glycosyl glycerides were identified to be (2S)-1-O-7(Z),10(Z),13(Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (3), and 2(S)-1-O-linoleoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (4). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition activity on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 63.8 ± 6.4μM and 59.4 ± 6.8μM, respectively] without cytotoxicity at concentrations < 100μM, whereas Compounds 3 and 4 showed good inhibition effect (IC50: 7.7 ± 0.6μM and 8.0 ± 0.9μM, respectively) without cytotoxicity at concentrations < 20μM. All isolated compounds showed reduced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in LPS-induced macrophage cells with strong inhibition of mRNA activity observed for Compounds 3 and 4.

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Anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory properties of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 in cultured macrophages and keratinocytes

Abstract: 20(R)-Rh2, a minor stereoisomer of ginsenoside Rh2, possesses matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity.

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Stereoisomers of Saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): A Review

Stereoisomers of Saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): A Review

Significant difference in active metabolite levels of ginseng in humans consuming Asian or Western diet: The link with enteric microbiota

Glycosyl glycerides from hydroponic Panax ginseng inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

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