Anti-inflammatory effects of adenosine kinase inhibitors in acute and chronic inflammation

The ‘danger’ sensors that STOP the immune response: the A2 adenosine receptors?

“…[2]). These original descriptions were later expanded by more detailed studies of the pharmacological effects of adenosine [18,19] and, more recently, of the adenosine receptors [15,20,21], on the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. For example, T cells express A2A adenosine receptors, which are capable of blocking T cell To counteract excessive collateral tissue damage, therefore, the damaged tissue might release signals that can evoke anti-inflammatory responses (danger signal #2).…”

Inhibitor of nuclear factor ?B kinase ? is a key regulator of synovial inflammation

“…Significantly less paw swelling occurred in the Ad.IKK␤-dn-injected paws than in Ad.GFP-injected controls (P Ͻ 0.02) or in contralateral paws (P ϭ 0.02) (see Figure 7). Using a standardized scoring system (35), radiographic analysis of the ankles on day 25 by two observers who were blinded to the treatment showed no difference between the Ad.IKK␤-dn-or Ad.GFP-treated animals ( Table 1).…”

Intra-articular IL-4 gene therapy in arthritis: anti-inflammatory effect and enhanced Th2activity

“…37 The course of the arthritis was monitored by determining paw volume with a water displacement plethysmometor. Obvious paw swelling was observed by days 10-12.…”