Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Immunostimulation in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia

Santus, Pierachille; Radovanovic, Dejan; Garziano, Micaela; Pini, Stefano; Croce, Giuseppe; Fuccia, Giuseppe; Spitaleri, Debora; Biasin, Mara; Clerici, Mario; Trabattoni, Daria

doi:10.3390/jcm10245765

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 31 publications

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“…205 It promotes non-specific and specific immune responses by activating NK cells, stimulating lymphocyte proliferation, and inducing the release of IL-1β and IFN-γ. [206][207][208][209] Thymosin is an exogenous polypeptide with immunoregulatory effects that promote T cell differentiation, development, and maturation. 210,211 Additionally, Thymosin can indirectly enhance the immune responses of other immune cells.…”

Section: Immune Effector Molecules and Immunomodulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention and treatment

Lu,

Xing,

Wang

et al. 2023

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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In 2022, a global outbreak of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurred in various countries across Europe and America and rapidly spread to more than 100 countries and regions. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern due to the rapid spread of the Mpox virus. Consequently, nations intensified their efforts to explore treatment strategies aimed at combating the infection and its dissemination. Nevertheless, the available therapeutic options for Mpox virus infection remain limited. So far, only a few numbers of antiviral compounds have been approved by regulatory authorities. Given the high mutability of the Mpox virus, certain mutant strains have shown resistance to existing pharmaceutical interventions. This highlights the urgent need to develop novel antiviral drugs that can combat both drug resistance and the potential threat of bioterrorism. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive literature on the pathophysiology and treatment of Mpox. To address this issue, we conducted a review covering the physiological and pathological processes of Mpox infection, summarizing the latest progress of anti-Mpox drugs. Our analysis encompasses approved drugs currently employed in clinical settings, as well as newly identified small-molecule compounds and antibody drugs displaying potential antiviral efficacy against Mpox. Furthermore, we have gained valuable insights from the process of Mpox drug development, including strategies for repurposing drugs, the discovery of drug targets driven by artificial intelligence, and preclinical drug development. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Mpox.

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Section: Immune Effector Molecules and Immunomodulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention and treatment

Lu,

Xing,

Wang

et al. 2023

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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One-pot green synthesis of pidotimod in water

Tung,

Yen,

Phuong

et al. 2024

Chem. Pap.

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New Therapeutic Options in Mild Moderate COVID-19 Outpatients

et al. 2022

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Background: In recent years, the therapeutic options for COVID have significantly improved; however, the therapies are expensive with restricted access to drugs, and expeditious and difficult to manage at home. We investigated the effect of pidotimod in preventing hospitalization in patients with mild-moderate COVID-19. Methods: A total of 1231 patients between January and June 2021 were screened. A total of 184 patients with mild-moderate COVID-19 were enrolled and divided into two groups: group-A (97) had undergone therapy with pidotimod 800 mg bid for 7–10 days and group-B (87) had other therapies. We excluded those who had undergone complete vaccination course, monoclonal anti-spike/antivirals or the co-administration of pidotimod-steroid. The primary outcome chosen was the emergency room, hospitalization, and deaths for COVID-related causes; the secondary outcome chosen was the duration of COVID-19 illness. Results: A total of 34 patients (18.5%) required hospital treatment, 11 in group-A and 23 in group-B (11.3% vs. 26.4%, p = 0.008). The median disease duration in group-A was 21 days (IQR 17–27) vs. 23 (IQR 20–31) in group-B (p = 0.005). Patients in the pidotimod group had higher SpO2 in the walking test (IQR 96–99% vs. IQR 93–98%, p = 0.01) and a lower need for steroid rescue therapy (11.5% vs. 60.9%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In the first phase of disease, pidotimod can represent an effective, low-cost, weapon, without restrictions of use, that is able to prevent a second aggressive phase and promote faster virological recovery.

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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Immunostimulation in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia

Cited by 4 publications

References 31 publications

Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention and treatment

Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention and treatment

One-pot green synthesis of pidotimod in water

New Therapeutic Options in Mild Moderate COVID-19 Outpatients

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