Anti-inflammatory effects of neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids from Halocynthia aurantium tunic by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages

Abstract

Halocynthia aurantium is a marine organism that has been considered a promising source for bio-functional materials. Total lipids were extracted from H. aurantium tunic, and then they were separated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. In the present study, fatty acid profiles of three lipids and their anti-inflammatory effects in RAW264.7 cells were investigated. Among the lipid classes, phospholipids showed the diversity of fatty acid constituents, compared with the glycolipids and neutral lipids. Three lipids contain different contents of fatty acids depending on the kinds of lipids. The most contents were saturated fatty acids (SFAs, 53–69% of the fatty acids) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, 15–17% of fatty acids) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, 14–32% of fatty acids) are followed. H. aurantium lipids not only dose-dependently inhibited nitric oxide production but also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. It was also demonstrated that the expression of COX-2 was dose-dependently suppressed. Moreover, H. aurantium lipids decreased phosphorylation of NF-κB p-65, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK, suggesting that three lipids from H. aurantium tunic provide anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB and MAPK signaling. These results indicate that H. aurantium is a potential source for anti-inflammation.

Immune enhancement effects of neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids from Halocynthia aurantium tunic on RAW264.7 macrophages

“…Three lipids, including neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids, were isolated from the total lipids of H. aurantium tunic. Our previous studies demonstrated that these lipids showed anti-in ammatory properties and contained diverse essential fatty acids (Jang et al, 2022). In the present study, these lipids were evaluated for their immune-enhancing activity on macrophage cells.…”

“…In other studies, lipids and fatty acids derived from marine sources promoted several immune function effects in macrophages, resulting in immunological enhancement (Han et al, 2018;Lim et al, 2021). Our previous study reported that total lipids isolated from H. aurantium tunic had immune regulatory effects and the neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids exhibit antiin ammatory effects on RAW264.7 cells (Jang et al, 2021;Jang et al, 2022). They have high concentrations of PUFAs and other fatty acids (Jang et al, 2022).…”

“…To analyze the relative expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) and β-actin in the immune system qPCR was used as described previously (Jang et al, 2022). After extracting total RNA from the cells with TRI reagent, cDNA was synthesized from total RNA with high-capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit.…”

“…Our previous study reported that total lipids isolated from H. aurantium tunic had immune regulatory effects and the neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids exhibit antiin ammatory effects on RAW264.7 cells (Jang et al, 2021;Jang et al, 2022). They have high concentrations of PUFAs and other fatty acids (Jang et al, 2022). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the immune-enhancing effects of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids, which were isolated from H. aurantium tunic, and their mechanisms were investigated on RAW264.7 cells.…”

Cardiovascular Diseases and Marine Oils: A Focus on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Polar Lipids

“…For example, the sea urchin body wall, dermis, and epidermis of the endoskeleton, are thought to inhibit MAPK p38, COX-1, and COX-2, indicating potential anti-inflammatory effects [176]. Indeed, other sea creatures including tunics like Halocynthia aurantium [177] appear to harbor PLs with potential cardioprotective effects. The vast array of creatures in the oceans that contain abundant and novel PLs means that there is a vast area of PL research yet to be explored.…”