Anti-inflammatory effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) in macrophage-like cells from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Abstract

BackgroundCommercial Atlantic salmon is fed diets with high fat levels to promote fast and cost-effective growth. To avoid negative impact of obesity, food additives that stimulate fat metabolism and immune function are of high interest. TTA, tetradecylthioacetic acid, is a synthetic fatty acid that stimulates mitochondrial β-oxidation most likely by activation of peroxysome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs are important transcription factors regulating multiple functions including fat metabolism and immune responses. Atlantic salmon experiments have shown that TTA supplemented diets significantly reduce mortality during natural outbreaks of viral diseases, suggesting a modulatory role of the immune system.ResultsTo gain new insights into TTA effects on the Atlantic salmon immune system, a factorial, high-throughput microarray experiment was conducted using a 44K oligo nucleotide salmon microarray SIQ2.0 and the Atlantic salmon macrophage-like cell line ASK. The experiment was used to determine the transcriptional effects of TTA, the effects of TTA in poly(I:C) elicited cells and the effects of pretreating the cells with TTA. The expression patterns revealed that a large proportion of genes regulated by TTA were related to lipid metabolism and increased mitochondrial β-oxidation. In addition we found that for a subset of genes TTA antagonized the transcriptional effects of poly(I:C). This, together with the results from qRT-PCR showing an increased transcription of anti-inflammatory IL10 by TTA, indicates anti-inflammatory effects.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that TTA has significant effects on macrophage-like salmon cells that are challenged by the artificial dsRNA poly(I:C). The immune stimulatory effect of TTA in macrophages involves increased lipid metabolism and suppressed inflammatory status. Thus, suggesting that TTA directs the macrophage-like cells towards alternative, anti-inflammatory, activation. This has positive implications for TTA as a feed additive.

Increased dietary protein‐to‐lipid ratio improves survival during naturally occurring pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

“…In a previous study conducted by our research group, significant reductions in HSMI‐related mortality among salmon fed tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) was observed (Alne et al., ). In this study and other similar experiments, it was suggested that the observed reduced HSMI mortality due to the increase in available energy was related with an enhanced FA‐oxidation capacity, an increased cardio somatic index and the anti‐inflammatory effects of TTA (Arge et al., ; Grammes, Rørvik, & Takle, ; Grammes & Takle, ). HSMI, CMS and PD may all cause epicarditis and myocarditis, whereas HSMI and PD also lead to skeletal muscle inflammation and degeneration (Kongtorp, Taksdal, & Lyngøy, ).…”

Dietary Application of the Microalga Lobosphaera incisa P127 Reduces Severity of Intestinal Inflammation, Modulates Gut‐Associated Gene Expression, and Microbiome in the Zebrafish Model of IBD

“…IL‐10 is considered an anti‐inflammatory cytokine and acts as an antagonist for the proinflammatory cytokines. [ 57 ] In the Ns‐H‐fed fish, the expression of il10 peaked before the challenge, like other examined cytokine genes, and declined 24 h after the challenge, to the level that was measured in the other treatment groups.…”