Anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines in children and adolescents with migraine headaches

Abstract

Studies have shown fluctuations of cytokine levels in patients with migraine headaches; however, further studies are needed to verify these results. Our previous studies suggest increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1alpha, sTNF-RI and TNF-alpha, in children with migraine headaches. In this study, we analyzed anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) in plasma from children and adolescents with migraine and tension-type headaches during the interictal period. The study group consisted of 35 children and adolescents between 8-18 years old, suffering from migraine headaches with or without aura. The control group consisted of 33 patients suffering from episodic tension-type headaches. IL-4 was detected in 17.1% of patients with migraine headaches and in 28.6% of patients with tension-type headaches. IL-13 was detected in 17.1% of patients with migraine headaches and in 15.2% of patients with tension-type headaches. IL-10 was only detected in 3 of 68 (4.4%) patients. Any significant correlations between measurable cytokine levels and age, gender, aura, duration of disease, frequency and severity of headaches were determined. Any significant fluctuations of selected anti-inflammatory cytokines during the headache-free period in children with migraine and tension-type headaches have been found, immune dysfunction in migraineurs could not be excluded.

Acute Zika Virus Infection in an Endemic Area Shows Modest Proinflammatory Systemic Immunoactivation and Cytokine-Symptom Associations

“…Headaches in ZIKV-infected individuals were associated with the presence of increased plasma TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-2, IL-9, IL-12p70, MIP-1α, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and VEGF, as well as significantly higher levels of IL-5, suggesting that these cytokines can play a role in the mechanisms underlying headache. Accordingly, high plasma levels of IL-5 ( 36 ), MIP-1α ( 37 ), and RANTES ( 38 ) have been reported in migraine sufferers, but their mechanistic contributions are yet to be investigated. Studies on inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of headache have shown the main action of IL-5 during migraine episodes ( 36 , 39 ).…”

Changes in Plasma PPARs Levels in Migraine Patients

“…The etiological theory of brainstem trigeminal nerve/vascular inflammation is recognized by major pathogenesis, and proposes that lack of part of the pain control circuits in the trigeminal nerve vasculature lead trigeminal spinal nerve transmitters to excessively stimulate neurogenic inflammation, and then make the trigeminal nerve stimulation conduct pain to the brain cortex retrogradely and anterogradely [ 9 ]. Recent studies found that a variety of vascular active substances, such as nuclear transcription factors-kappa B, IL-6, IL-10, TNF alpha, and TNF beta factor, play an important role in the neurogenic inflammation mechanism of migraine [ 10 ]. Our previous animal experiments and clinical studies found that 5-HT, NF-kappa B, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are involved in the pathogenesis of the migraine process [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Headache immunology

“…Однако роль цитокинов в патофизиологии ГБ остается неясной. Так, одни авторы указывают на повышение уровня провоспалительных цитокинов при различных видах ГБ, а другие отмечают отсутствие изменений в их плазменных уровнях [41,42].…”

“…Boćkowski и соавт. [41] обнаружили увеличение уровней провоспалительных цитокинов (IL-1, sTNF-RI и TNF-α) у детей, страдающих мигренью и ГБН, а также, что уровень IL-1β у пациентов, страдающих мигренью с аурой, значительно выше, чем при мигрени без ауры. В дальнейшем исследователи проанализировали концентрацию противовоспалительных цитокинов (IL-4, IL-10 и IL-13) в плазме у детей и подростков с мигренью и ГБН во время приступов и в межприступный период.…”

“…При измерении уровней противовоспалительных цитокинов IL-4 и IL-10 было обнаружено, что во время приступа мигрени у взрослых отмечается снижение уровня IL-4, в то время как уровень IL-10, наоборот, возрастает. В исследовании [41] ученые отметили, что у 12 (52,2%) из 23 пациентов с мигренью плазменные уровни IL-10 были значительно выше, чем у здоровых. Повышение плазменных уровней IL-4 отмечалось у 12 (37,5%), а IL-5 -у 27 (84,3%) пациентов с мигренью.…”