Anti-inflammatory, Radical-Scavenging, and Chelating Activities of Nor-Triterpenes from Galphimia Species

Abstract

Anti-in ammatory and radical-scavenging activities of the methanolic extract from the leaves of Galphimia spp. collected in Morelos, Mexico, and isolated galphimidin (1) and galphimidin B (2), were evaluated. Nor-triterpenes 1 and 2 displayed anti-in ammatory activity inhibiting the nitric oxide production by the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell model, with IC 50 values of 22.62 and 20.19 µg/mL, respectively, which were higher than the crude extract with an IC 50 of 42.92 µg/mL. Furthermore, the TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced ear edema in mice assay displayed results of EC 50 of 2.03 mg/ear to the methanolic extract, 1.91 mg/ear to 1, and 1.42 mg/ear to 2. Docking analysis of 1 and 2 at the iNOS active site indicated the negative in uence of water molecules by mediating the ligand-protein interaction through hydrogen bonds interactions that increase the energy expenditure. These results explain the observed anti-in ammatory action of 1 and 2 by iNOS inhibition, which is better modulated in silico by the absence of water in the active site.The methanolic extract showed a low radical-scavenging activity inhibiting free radicals DPPH • with values of 57.33% compared to isoquercetin and rutin as positive controls. Nevertheless, the crude extract displayed high activity inhibiting ABTS •+ free radicals at 83.31% that was in accordance with high reducing potential of total polyphenols by Folin-Ciocalteu method with value of 3591.11 mg of gallic acid (GAE)/g of biomass. Compounds 1 and 2 did not present radical-scavenging activities but showed metalchelating activity of 27.62% and 30.54%, which were higher values than EDTA as positive control.

Hydroxytakakiamide and Other Constituents from a Marine Sponge-Associated Fungus Aspergillus fischeri MMERU23, and Antinociceptive Activity of Ergosterol Acetate, Acetylaszonalenin and Helvolic Acid

“…Although the inhibition of PDF7 is unable to influence proinflammatory cells, it boosts the inhibitory effect of other cAMP-elevating drugs [ 32 , 33 ]. Since some phytosterols [ 34 ] and nor-triterpenenes [ 35 ] have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity, computational methods can be used to hypothesize the intermolecular interactions of 2 and 6 towards these targets and can therefore help to identify promising anti-inflammatory inhibitors.…”