Anti-invasion and apoptosis induction of chlorella (Chlorella sorokiniana) in Hep G2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Abstract

Apoptosis Invasion Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells Hep G2 cells A B S T R A C T The effects of 80% ethanolic extract derived from commercial granule chlorella (GPE) on cell viability, invasion capacity and apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2 cells) were investigated. The results demonstrated that GPE decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis and showed invasion inhibitory effects in the Hep G2 cells. GPE-triggered apoptosis was confirmed by 4 0 -6-diamidino-2-phenyindole (DAPI) staining and comet assay. GPE promoted an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca 2+ , and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DWm) accompanied by cytochrome c release that was due to the decrease of Bcl-2 in the Hep G2 cells. GPE also induced the protein levels of apoptosisinducing factor (AIF), increased the levels of caspase-3, -8 and -9, and stimulated the levels of fatty acid synthase (Fas) and Fas ligand (FasL) in the Hep G2 cells. Additionally GPE inhibited invasion of Hep G2 cells by down-regulation of the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. Furthermore, cellular glutathione content and superoxide dismutases (SOD) activities were significantly reduced and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels were significantly increased after GPE treatment. These results suggest that GPE can induce cytotoxicity on Hep G2 cells and inhibit the invasive capacity of malignant cells.

Unripe Rubus coreanus Miquel suppresses migration and invasion of human prostate cancer cells by reducing matrix metalloproteinase expression

“…53) Other studies also demonstrated that antioxidant activities reduced MMP expression and tumor invasion. [54][55][56] Based on these reports, it is likely that antioxidants in UE could greatly suppress PI3K/Akt signaling and prevent prostate cancer cell metastasis.…”

Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its major constituent cinnamaldehyde induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC‐3 cells

“…HSC‐3 cells were incubated with various concentrations of CC‐EO or trans ‐cinnamaldehyde for 48 h. For the DNA fragmentation assay, isolated DNA was separated using gel electrophoresis and was stained using ethidium bromide before the photographs were obtained under UV light (Chou et al, ). For DAPI staining, the cells were washed using PBS, were stained using DAPI and were subsequently photographed as described in our previous study (Chung et al, ). For the comet assay, the cells were harvested, DNA was isolated and electrophoresis was performed according to a previously described method (Chung et al, ).…”

“…For DAPI staining, the cells were washed using PBS, were stained using DAPI and were subsequently photographed as described in our previous study (Chung et al, ). For the comet assay, the cells were harvested, DNA was isolated and electrophoresis was performed according to a previously described method (Chung et al, ). DNA damage in HSC‐3 cells was quantified as the tail moment (the DNA product in the tail and the mean migration distance in the tail).…”

Enhancing effect of natural borneol on the cellular uptake of demethoxycurcumin and their combined induction of G2/M arrest in HepG2 cells via ROS generation

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as nitric oxide, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical, is well known to act as important mediators of apoptotic cell death or/and cell cycle progression (Chung et al, 2012;Park, Han, Kim, & Kim, 2007). ROS could trigger DNA damage to activate the p53 pathway (Wiseman, 2006).…”