Anti-malarial seroprevalence assessment during an elimination programme in Chabahar District, south-eastern Iran

Zakeri, Sedigheh; Hoogen, Lotus L. van den; Mehrizi, Akram Abouie; Karimi, Fatemeh; Ahmad, Rasheed; Drakeley, Chris

doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1432-1

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It seems that “previous” P. vivax transmission in this study was lower in more remote settlements than in the forest fringe area, indicating lower potential receptivity for the re-introduction of malaria in the settlements in this district. The heterogeneity in malaria exposure within communities due to the difference in location has also been reported in other settings ( Rosas-Aguirre et al., 2013 ; Idris et al., 2017b ; Kale et al, 2019 ; Zakeri et al., 2016 ; Labadie-Bracho et al., 2020 ; Rahim et al., 2022 ). Therefore, further monitoring of seroprevalence and population movement between different settlements is considered highly effective, given the different risks of malaria transmission within the study area.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Naturally acquired antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax among indigenous Orang Asli communities in Peninsular Malaysia

Rahim

Munajat

Dian

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Malaria remains a public health problem in many parts of the world. In Malaysia, the significant progress towards the national elimination programme and effective disease notification on malaria has resulted in zero indigenous human malaria cases since 2018. However, the country still needs to determine the extent of malaria exposure and transmission patterns, particularly in high-risk populations. In this study, a serological method was used to measure transmission levels of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax among indigenous Orang Asli communities in Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in three Orang Asli communities (i.e., Pos Bihai, Pos Gob, and Pos Kuala Betis) in Kelantan from June to July 2019. Antibody responses to malaria were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using two P. falciparum (PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-119) and two P. vivax (PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-119) antigens. Age-adjusted antibody responses were analysed using a reversible catalytic model to calculate seroconversion rates (SCRs). Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with malaria exposure. The overall malaria seroprevalence was 38.8% for PfAMA-1, 36.4% for PfMSP-119, 2.2% for PvAMA-1, and 9.3% for PvMSP-119. Between study areas, the proportion of seropositivity for any P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens was significantly highest in Pos Kuala Betis with 34.7% (p < 0.001) and 13.6% (p < 0.001), respectively. For all parasite antigens except for PvAMA-1, the proportion of seropositive individuals significantly increased with age (all p < 0.001). Based on the SCR, there was a higher level of P. falciparum transmission than P. vivax in the study area. Multivariate regression analyses showed that living in Pos Kuala Betis was associated with both P. falciparum (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.6, p < 0.001) and P. vivax (aOR 2.1, p < 0.001) seropositivities. Significant associations were also found between age and seropositivity to P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens. Analysis of community-based serological data helps describe the level of transmission, heterogeneity, and factors associated with malaria exposure among indigenous communities in Peninsular Malaysia. This approach could be an important adjunct tool for malaria monitoring and surveillance in low malaria transmission settings in the country.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Naturally acquired antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax among indigenous Orang Asli communities in Peninsular Malaysia

Rahim

Munajat

Dian

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…The proportion of seropositive individuals, as well as the magnitude of serological response increased with age, which provides further evidence of the decrease in transmission in this area. A positive age-dependent seroconversion pattern has previously been reported from areas with low Plasmodium transmission intensity [ 32 – 35 ]. The presence of antibodies to several Plasmodium antigens in children under five years of age, however, can be considered as a marker of relatively recent exposure [ 36 ] and provides evidence of continued low-intensity transmission in the area that needs to be monitored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Household and individual level risk factors associated with declining malaria incidence in Meghalaya, India: implications for malaria elimination in low-endemic settings

Sarkar

Kessler

Mawkhlieng

et al. 2021

Malar J

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Background A detailed analysis of household and individual level Plasmodium infection patterns in two low-endemic districts of Meghalaya was undertaken to better understand the epidemiology of malaria in northeast India. Methods Socio-demographic and behavioural information from residents (aged 1–69 years) of households were collected through pre-tested, questionnaire conducted in 2018 and 2019. Blood samples collected from participants were tested for Plasmodium falciparum and/or Plasmodium vivax infection using rapid diagnostic test, microscopy and PCR. Plasma samples from a subset of participants were analysed for antibodies against thirteen P. falciparum and four P. vivax antigens. Associations between household and individual level risk factors, and Plasmodium infections were evaluated using multilevel logistic regression models. Results A total of 2753 individuals from 827 households were enrolled in 2018, and 834 individuals from 222 households were enrolled in 2019. Of them, 33 (1.2%) were positive by PCR for P. falciparum in 2018 and none were positive for P. vivax. In 2019, no PCR-positive individuals were detected. All, but one, infections were asymptomatic; all 33 infections were sub-microscopic. Reported history of malaria in the past 12 months (OR = 8.84) and history of travel in the past 14 days (OR = 10.06) were significantly associated with Plasmodium infection. A significant trend of increased seropositivity with age was noted for all 17 antigens. Although adults (≥ 18 years) consistently had the highest seropositivity rates, a sizeable proportion of under-five children were also found to be seropositive. Almost all individuals (99.4%) reported sleeping under an insecticide-treated bed-net, and household indoor residual spray coverage in the 12 months preceding the survey was low (23%). Most participants correctly identified common signs and symptoms of malaria, i.e., fever (96.4%), headache (71.2%), chills (83.2%) and body-ache (61.8%). Almost all participants (94.3%) used government-provided services for treatment of malaria. Conclusion This study explored the epidemiology of malaria in two communities in Meghalaya, India, in the context of declining transmission. The presence of widespread asymptomatic infections and seropositivity among under-five children suggest that low-level Plasmodium transmission persists in this region. Implications of the study findings for malaria elimination efforts in low-transmission settings are discussed.

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“…In these studies, antibody responses to crude parasite extract were determined using an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). More recently, studies from Aneityum and Iran suggested absence of transmission by assessing antibody responses to individual recombinant antigens (apical membrane antigen 1; AMA-1, and the 19 kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1; MSP-1 19 ) (7,8) or schizont extract (7) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Similar to the historical studies, children showed no antimalarial antibody responses, while some adults did have antimalarial antibodies owing to the persistence of antibodies (and/or memory B cells) once acquired (9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Commercial ELISA Kits to Confirm the Absence of Transmission in Malaria Elimination Settings

Hoogen

Bareng

Alves³

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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Background: Antimalarial antibody measurements are useful because they reflect historical and recent exposure to malaria. As such, they may provide additional information to assess ongoing transmission in low endemic or pre-elimination settings where cases are rare. In addition, the absence of antibody responses in certain individuals can indicate the cessation of transmission. Commercial malaria enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) detect antimalarial antibodies and are commonly used to screen blood donations for possible malaria infection. However, there is no standardized test to detect antimalarial antibodies for epidemiological use. Here we compared five commercially available ELISA kits (Trinity Biotech, newbio, DiaPro, Cellabs, and NovaTec) in search of a standardized tool for supporting claims of absence of malaria transmission. For comparison, a research-based (RB) ELISA protocol was performed alongside the commercial kits. Results: The commercial kits were first compared using serum samples from known malaria-unexposed individuals ( n = 223) and Toxoplasma -infected individuals ( n = 191) to assess specificity and cross-reactivity against non-malaria infections. In addition, 134 samples from ≥10-year-olds collected in a hyperendemic region in the Gambia in the early 1990s were used to assess sensitivity. Three out of five kits showed high sensitivity (90–92%), high specificity (98–99%), low cross-reactivity (0–3%) and were considered user-friendly (Trinity Biotech, newbio and NovaTec). Two of these kits (Trinity Biotech and NovaTec) were taken forward for epidemiological evaluation and results were compared to those using the RB-ELISA. Samples from two pre-elimination settings (Praia, Cape Verde; n = 1,396, and Bataan, the Philippines; n = 1,824) were tested. Serological results from both the Trinity Biotech kit and the RB-ELISA concurred with recent passively detected case counts in both settings. Results from the Trinity Biotech kit reflected a significant decrease in the number of reported cases in Bataan in the 1990s better than the RB-ELISA. Results from the NovaTec kit did not reflect transmission patterns in either setting. Conclusion: The Trinity Biotech commercial ELISA kit was considered reliable for epidemiological use and accurately described transmission patterns in two (previously) malaria endemic settings. The use of this simple and standardized serological tool may aid national control and elimination programs by confirming that regions are free from malaria.

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Anti-malarial seroprevalence assessment during an elimination programme in Chabahar District, south-eastern Iran

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Naturally acquired antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax among indigenous Orang Asli communities in Peninsular Malaysia

Naturally acquired antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax among indigenous Orang Asli communities in Peninsular Malaysia

Household and individual level risk factors associated with declining malaria incidence in Meghalaya, India: implications for malaria elimination in low-endemic settings

Comparison of Commercial ELISA Kits to Confirm the Absence of Transmission in Malaria Elimination Settings

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