Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Ethanol Extracts of the Leaves and Roots of Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss through Their Inhibition of CREB and Induction of ERK and Autophagy

Abstract

Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss is a traditional herb commonly used in East Asia including Korea, Japan, and China. It has been administered to reduce and treat inflammation in Donguibogam, Korea. The mechanism for its anti-inflammatory effects has already been reported. In this study, we confirmed the efficacy of Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss ethanol extract (Pv-EE) for inducing autophagy and investigate its anti-melanogenic properties. Melanin secretion and content were investigated using cells from the melanoma cell line B16F10. Pv-EE inhibited melanin in melanogenesis induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The mechanism of inhibition of Pv-EE was confirmed by suppressing the mRNA of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), decreasing the phosphorylation level of CREB, and increasing the phosphorylation of ERK. Finally, it was confirmed that Pv-EE induces autophagy through the autophagy markers LC3B and p62, and that the anti-melanogenic effect of Pv-EE is inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyl adenine (3-MA). These results suggest that Pv-EE may be used as a skin protectant due to its anti-melanin properties including autophagy.

In Vitro Anti-Photoaging and Skin Protective Effects of Licania macrocarpa Cuatrec Methanol Extract

“…These data imply that the CREB pathway is critically inhibited in the Lm-ME-mediated suppression of melanogenesis, as reported for other chemicals showing anti-melanogenic activities, such as Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss ethanol extract, rottlerin, and beauvericin [ 35 , 36 ]. However, the MAPK signal is complex because the role of MAPKs is still controversial.…”

Syringaresinol derived from Panax ginseng berry attenuates oxidative stress-induced skin aging via autophagy

“…Primers for determining the mRNA levels of MMP-2 and -9 were from Bioneer (Seoul, Korea). Antibodies against MMP−2, −9, LC−3B , and β-actin were employed, as reported previously [ 33 ]. SYR ( Fig.…”

The Function of Autophagy as a Regulator of Melanin Homeostasis

“…Some studies suggest that autophagy inducers might induce melanosome degradation in an autophagy-dependent manner (Table 1). The listed autophagy inducer-mediated depigmentation is inhibited by knockdown of autophagy essential genes, such as ATG5 [87][88][89][90], ATG7 [91], and LC3 [92], or treatment with autophagy inhibitors, such as 3-MA [88,[92][93][94][95], hydroxychloroquine [96], bafilomycin A1 [89], and chloroquine [97]. For example, β-mangostin cannot induce autophagy in B16F10 cells, but it induces depigmentation through autophagy-mediated melanosome degradation in pigmented B16F10 cells via α-MSH stimulation, and the depigmentation is inhibited by ATG5 knockdown or 3-MA treatment [88].…”

“…Juss extract (Pv-EE) Pv-EE induced autophagy, and the Pv-EE-mediated antimelanogenic effect was inhibited by 3-MA in B16F10 cells. [94] PTPD-12 PTPD-12 induced melanosome degradation through stimulation of autophagic flux in human melanocytes and keratinocytes. [98] Radiofrequency (RF) irradiation RF irradiation upregulated autophagy-initiation factors, such as FIP200, ULK1, ULK2, ATG13, and ATG101, in the skin.…”