Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis, Vaccination and Virus

Abstract

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (Anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an acute autoimmune disorder. The symptoms range from psychiatric symptoms, movement disorders, cognitive impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. Previous studies revealed that vaccination might induce this disease. A few cases were reported to be related to H1N1 vaccine, tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis and polio vaccine, and Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Although vaccination is a useful strategy to prevent infectious diseases, in a low risk, it may trigger serious neurological symptoms. In addition to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, other neurological diseases were reported to be associated with a number of vaccines. In this paper, the anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis cases related to a number of vaccines and other neurological symptoms that might be induced by these vaccines were reviewed. In addition, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis cases that were induced by virus infection were also reviewed.

Autoimmune Encephalitis as an Adverse Event of COVID-19 Vaccination

“…In particular, previous reports have shown that anti-NMDAR encephalitis can be associated with H1N1 influenza, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and poliomyelitis vaccines. 5 Regarding the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, there have been cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenia and acute transverse myelitis as rare serious adverse events, which may be caused by the replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus adjuvant that the vaccine contains. 6 7 …”

Concurrent Tuberculous Meningoencephalitis and Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: A Case Report

“…Moreover, CSF and brain MRI data failed to support this initial diagnosis. To date, anti-NMDAR encephalitis has been rarely associated with multiple sclerosis ( 15 ) and vaccines ( 16 , 17 ); nevertheless, our patient was negative for anti-MBP, anti-AQP4, anti-MOG, and anti-GFAP IgGs in the serum, and CSF, or had clinical signs or symptoms of such etiology. Moreover, the patient had not been vaccinated in 10 years.…”

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis after coronavirus disease 2019: A case report and literature review

“…[1] However, infection with diverse viruses including the Japanese encephalitis virus could also elicit anti-NMDAR encephalitis. [1,8] Furthermore, H1N1, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination is also related to the manifestation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. [8] Recently with the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, some research regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and anti-NMDAR encephalitis has emerged.…”

“…[1,8] Furthermore, H1N1, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination is also related to the manifestation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. [8] Recently with the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, some research regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and anti-NMDAR encephalitis has emerged. The subunits of NMDAR and non-structural proteins 8 and 9 in SARS-CoV-2 are structurally similar, and this mimicry may affect the cross-reactivity between them.…”

“…[ 1 ] However, infection with diverse viruses including the Japanese encephalitis virus could also elicit anti-NMDAR encephalitis. [ 1 , 8 ] Furthermore, H1N1, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination is also related to the manifestation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. [ 8 ]…”