BACKGROUNDSturgeon is a popular aquaculture species in many countries. Its swim bladder is rich in collagen, but has not been exploited scientifically yet.RESULTSCollagen peptides (CPs) from sturgeon swim bladder by trypsinolysis are 528.5 Da in number‐average molecular weight, and consisted of 407 peptides, of which GFPGADGSAGPK was 16.1% in content. The CPs at 25 mg/mL extended the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans by 22.6%, which was significantly higher than other hydrolysis methods and source materials. They also improved the fitness‐related traits (body size, motor capacity, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and epidermal barrier function), indicating the prolonged healthspan. Further, transcriptome analysis showed that the effect was mediated by MAPK pathway to enhance stress resistance, insulin/IGF‐1 pathway to inhibit protein aggregation, and NHR‐80/FAT‐6 pathway to regulate lipid metabolism.CONCLUSIONCPs from sturgeon swim bladder by trypsinolysis prolonged the lifespan and healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans, and might be promising anti‐aging agents.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.