Anti-obesity effects of pectinase and cellulase enzyme‑treated Ecklonia�cava extract in high‑fat diet‑fed C57BL/6N mice

Abstract

The present study investigated the anti-obesity effects of enzyme-treated Ecklonia cava extract (EEc) in C57BL/6N mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. The EEc was separated and purified with the digestive enzymes pectinase (Rapidase X-Press L) and cellulase (Rohament CL) and its effects on the progression of HFD-induced obesity were examined over 10 weeks. The mice were divided into 6 groups (n=10/group) as follows: Normal diet group, HFD group, mice fed a HFD with 25 mg/kg/day Garcinia cambogia extract and mice fed a HFD with 5, 25 or 150 mg/kg/day EEc (EHD groups). Changes in body weight, fat, serum lipid levels and lipogenic enzyme levels were determined. The body weight and liver weight were increased in the HFD group compared with those in the ND group, which was significantly reduced by EEc supplementation. In addition, significant reductions in epididymal, perirenal and mesenteric white adipose tissues were present in the EHD groups and all three EHD groups exhibited decreases in insulin, leptin and glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels compared with those in the HFD group. In addition, EEc treatment significantly decreased the serum and hepatic triglyceride levels compared with those in the HFD group. However, the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol ration increased significantly in EHD-25 and -150 groups compared with those in the HFD group. Changes in adipogenic and lipogenic protein expression in the liver was assessed by western blot analysis. The EHD-25 and -150 groups exhibited reduced levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ. However, the phosphorylation ratios of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were significantly increased in the liver tissue obtained from the EHD (5, −25 and -150 mg/kg/day) groups compared with those in the HFD group. EEc supplementation reduced levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, adipose fatty acid-binding protein, fatty acid synthase and leptin, while it significantly increased glucose transporter type 4 and adiponectin protein levels in the liver tissues of all three EHD groups compared with those in the HFD group. Taken together, these results suggest that EEc exerts anti-obesity effects by reducing body weight and the serum and hepatic levels of obesity-associated factors. Thus, EEc supplementation reduces HFD-induced obesity in C57BL/6N mice and has the potential to prevent obesity and subsequent metabolic disorders.

Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol Alleviates Obesity and Systemic Inflammation in a Mouse Model by Reducing Expression of RAGE and RAGE Ligands

“…E. cava is commonly found near the coast of Jeju island and is known to be a particularly rich source of phlorotannin [21]. It has been reported that E. cava extracts may help attenuate obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and oxidation stress-mediated diseases [22]. Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB) is one of the single compounds of E. cava extracts and contains several hydroxyl groups.…”

A Review on Obesity Management through Natural Compounds and a Green Nanomedicine-Based Approach

“…Curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallat, and genisten are able to inhibit the process of differentiation of adipocytes [ 45 ]. Carvacrol [ 46 ] and phenolic compounds from chokeberries [ 47 ] inhibited the process of adipocyte differentiation by modulating the level of PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α and SREBP-1c. Lipid and triglyceride accumulation is mainly responsible for excessive weight gain and obesity.…”

“…Other plants also regulated the serum lipid profiles, including TG, TC, ALT, AST and ALP concentration and expression of the transcription factors responsible for lipid metabolism. C57BL/6J mice were also implemented as an experimental model for Nelumbo nucifera [ 81 ], chlorogenic acid [ 82 ], Capsicum annuum [ 83 ], Cudrania tricuspidate [ 84 ], Morus alba , Ilex paraguariensis , Rosmarinus officinalis , Moringa officinalis [ 85 , 86 ], Ecklonia cava [ 47 ], Cirsium cetidens [ 87 ], Gymnema sylvestre [ 88 ] and Ishige okamurae [ 89 ], and among all these plants, the mixed extracts of Morus alba , Ilex paraguariensis and Rosmarinus officinalis showed the maximum anti-obesity effect as it decreased the body weight and relative weight of other body organs up to 98% and regulated the serum lipid profile by decreasing the TC (18.6%), LDL-c (59%), ALT (60.1%), AST (35.2%), insulin (75.9%) and leptin (46.8%). These results are maximum among the plants described above in Table 1 on C57BL/6J mice.…”

From Marine Origin to Therapeutics: The Antitumor Potential of Marine Algae-Derived Compounds

“…Many of these algae-derived compounds have proven therapeutic properties associated with numerous health-promoting effects, including anti-obesity (Maeda et al, 2005 ; Kim et al, 2018 ), antidiabetic (Mayer et al, 2013 ), antihypertensive (Sivagnanam et al, 2015 ), antihyperlipidaemia (Sathivel et al, 2008 ), antioxidant (Magalhaes et al, 2011 ; Pinteus et al, 2017 ), anticoagulant (Magalhaes et al, 2011 ), anti-inflammatory (De Souza et al, 2009 ), immunomodulatory (Pérez-Recalde et al, 2014 ), anti-estrogenic (Skibola, 2004 ), thyroid-stimulating (Teas et al, 2007 ), neuroprotective (Pangestuti and Kim, 2011 ), anti-osteoarthritic (Moon et al, 2018 ), anti-osteoporosis (Deng et al, 2018 ), antiviral (Aguilar-Briseño et al, 2015 ), antimicrobial (Pinteus et al, 2015 ; Rodrigues et al, 2015 ), and antitumor (Moussavou et al, 2014 ; Rodrigues et al, 2015 ; Alves et al, 2016a ). Among the well-documented bioactive compounds are brominated phenols, polysaccharides, and carotenoids, but especially a large diversity of terpenoids, several of them being halogenated compounds (Gribble, 2015 ; Rodrigues et al, 2015 ).…”