Anti-oxidant profiles and markers of oxidative stress in preterm neonates

Abstract

Preterm neonates are exposed to increased oxidant stress at birth and are susceptible to anti-oxidant deficiencies. A higher dose of enteral vitamin A supplementation in preterm neonates might reduce morbidity and improve outcome. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the appropriate dose of oral vitamin E supplementation for preterm neonates.

Implication of Oxidative Stress in Fetal Programming of Cardiovascular Disease

“…Preterm infants are especially vulnerable to ROS due to immaturity and insufficient antioxidants ( Shim and Kim, 2013 ). Low levels of vitamins E and A and catalase have been reported in preterm infants, associated with increased levels of lipid and protein oxidation ( Negi et al, 2012 ; Abdel Ghany et al, 2016 ). Moreover, preterm infants are exposed to catheters, mechanical ventilation, which may induce high levels of ROS.…”

Preterm birth and oxidative stress: Effects of acute physical exercise and hypoxia physiological responses

“…At birth, preterm newborns exhibit higher levels of OS markers than those born full-term ( Table 1 ). Indeed, the reported higher plasma F2-isoprostane [13] , plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) [11] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , plasma MDA-hemoglobin [18] , erythrocyte membrane hydroperoxide levels [19] and plasma lipid peroxidation [20] in preterm newborns clearly show higher levels of lipid peroxidation markers. Higher blood levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) [16] , protein carbonyl [11] , [21] and desferrioxamine chelatable iron [13] show that preterm newborns also have higher levels of OS damaged DNA, proteins and erythrocytes than those born full-term.…”

“… Reference Number of term/preterm newborns GA of term newborns a GA of preterm newborns a Sample type Sample timing Available preterm newborns health status Oxidative stress markers (vs. term newborns) Antioxidant stress markers (vs. term newborns) Additional findings in preterm newborns oxidative stress (vs. healthy PTB) [19] 10/10 40.4 (38–40.9) 33.1 (32.9–35.7) Erythrocytes / umbilical cord blood at birth No intensive care requirement and medical complications ↑ hydroperoxides ↓ vitamin E ↓ SOD ↓ GPx [11] 116/124 38 (NA) 34.7 (NA) Umbilical cord blood at birth All were LBW and 51 were SGA ↑ protein carbonyl ↓ vitamin A SGA PTB: ↑ protein carbonyl, ↑ MDA, ↓ vitamin A, ↓ vitamin C, ↓ vitamin E, ↓ TAS No infection, hemolytic disease, hypertensive disorder, major malformations, history of difficult delivery, genetic disorder or fetal distress. ↓ vitamin C ↑ MDA ↓ vitamin E ↓ TAS [17] 100/100 38 (37–40) 31 (27–34) Umbilical cord blood at birth No SGA newborns. ↑ MDA ↓ vitamin A PTB with NEC: ↓vitamin A, ↑vitamin E, ↓CAT 10 suffered from NEC, 20 from BPD, 24 from IVH and 28 did not survived.…”

“…When compared to full-term birth, the antioxidant system after a PTB appears to be deficient. Indeed, at birth, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in both blood [14] , [25] and erythrocytes [19] , [26] , catalase (CAT) activity in blood [17] as well as cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocytes [19] are lower in preterm than in full-term newborns. This indicates lower antioxidant enzymatic activity in the former ( Table 1 ).…”

“…This indicates lower antioxidant enzymatic activity in the former ( Table 1 ). Preterm newborns also exhibit lower levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as erythrocyte vitamin E [19] , blood vitamin E [11] , [17] , blood vitamin A [11] , [17] , [21] , [27] , [28] , [29] , blood vitamin C [11] , erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) [14] , blood transferrin [22] and tracheal aspirates GSH [30] ( Table 1 ). Two study however, reported higher blood vitamin C levels in preterm compared to full-term newborns [20] , [31] .…”