“…The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii ), the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is one of the most successful parasites and can infect humans and almost all warm-blooded animals globally Dubey et al, 2020 ; Zaki et al, 2020a ; Abbasali et al, 2023 ). It is a major public health issue, and it is estimated that nearly a third of the world's human population is infected ( Dubey, 2008 ; Dubey et al, 2020 ).…”