Anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgA Response in Tears of COVID-19 Patients

Caselli, Elisabetta; Soffritti, Irene; Lamberti, Giuseppe; D’Accolti, Maria; Franco, F; Demaria, Davide; Contoli, Marco; Passaro, Angelina; Contini, Carlo; Perri, Paolo

doi:10.3390/biology9110374

Cited by 20 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A still unanswered point in COVID-19 progression regards the development and role of the local immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Mucosal sIgA has long been known to be crucial in controlling viruses that enter the body via mucosal surfaces ( Yan et al, 2002 ); sIgA were indeed found in the ocular fluid of at least 40% of COVID-19 patients ( Caselli et al, 2020b ), and microbiome composition is reportedly known to interact with and influence IgA response, in different anatomical niches including the nares ( Salk et al, 2016 ; Grosserichter-Wagener et al, 2019 ; Pabst and Slack, 2020 ). Here, we demonstrate anti-SARS-CoV-2 sIgA in the oral cavity and that they are significantly more abundant in asymptomatic/paucisymptomatic COVID-19 patients ( p = 0.02), suggesting that sIgA may be important in controlling virus penetration in the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 secretory IgA (sIgA) in the oral samples was evaluated by a CE-IVD ELISA assay designed to detect IgA directed against the virus S1 protein (Euroimmun, Lubeck, Germany). The test was previously reported to have high specificity/sensitivity for IgA detection in serum/plasma samples (>95%) and ocular fluids ( Caselli et al, 2020b ). For oral rinse analysis, the samples were diluted 1:5 in saline, allowing optimal detection of IgA and differentiation between positive samples and controls, as detected in preliminary assays.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis Is Associated With Symptoms Severity and Local Immune/Inflammatory Response in COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2021

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The human oral microbiome (HOM) is the second largest microbial community after the gut and can impact the onset and progression of several localized and systemic diseases, including those of viral origin, especially for viruses entering the body via the oropharynx. However, this important aspect has not been clarified for the new pandemic human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19 disease, despite it being one of the many respiratory viruses having the oropharynx as the primary site of replication. In particular, no data are available about the non-bacterial components of the HOM (fungi, viruses), which instead has been shown to be crucial for other diseases. Consistent with this, this study aimed to define the HOM in COVID-19 patients, to evidence any association between its profile and the clinical disease. Seventy-five oral rinse samples were analyzed by Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) to simultaneously identify oral bacteria, fungi, and viruses. To correlate the HOM profile with local virus replication, the SARS-CoV-2 amount in the oral cavity was quantified by digital droplet PCR. Moreover, local inflammation and secretory immune response were also assessed, respectively by measuring the local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (L-6, IL-17, TNFα, and GM-CSF) and the production of secretory immunoglobulins A (sIgA). The results showed the presence of oral dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients compared to matched controls, with significantly decreased alpha-diversity value and lower species richness in COVID-19 subjects. Notably, oral dysbiosis correlated with symptom severity (p = 0.006), and increased local inflammation (p < 0.01). In parallel, a decreased mucosal sIgA response was observed in more severely symptomatic patients (p = 0.02), suggesting that local immune response is important in the early control of virus infection and that its correct development is influenced by the HOM profile. In conclusion, the data presented here suggest that the HOM profile may be important in defining the individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, facilitating inflammation and virus replication, or rather, inducing a protective IgA response. Although it is not possible to determine whether the alteration in the microbial community is the cause or effect of the SARS-CoV-2 replication, these parameters may be considered as markers for personalized therapy and vaccine development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis Is Associated With Symptoms Severity and Local Immune/Inflammatory Response in COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2021

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“…The window for virus detection in conjunctival swabs may be no wider than three days [ 47 ], although cases with viral persistence of more than two weeks in the conjunctiva have been reported [ 14 , 48 ]. Moreover, tears contain lactoferrin, a natural immunity molecule endowed with antiviral properties [ 49 , 50 ], and secretory IgA [ 51 ], which can also be specifically elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 52 ]. Therefore, the low frequency of overt SARS-CoV-2 infections reported in our study can be considered in line with the expectations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in a Polish Cohort of COVID-19-Positive Patients

Dolar-Szczasny

Toro

Dworzańska

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the current human COVID-19 pandemic has shown tropism toward different organs with variable efficiency, eyes included. The purpose of this study has been to investigate the presence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 infection in ocular swabs in patients affected by COVID-19. A consecutive series of 74 COVID-19-positive patients (age 21–89) were enrolled at two Polish COVID-19 hospitals for 4 months and were characterized by PCR for the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in nasopharyngeal (NP) and ocular swabs, while their respiratory and ocular symptoms were noted. Almost 50% of them presented with severe/critical respiratory involvement, and some degree of eye disease. No tight correlation was observed between the presence of ocular and respiratory symptoms. Three male patients presenting with severe/critical lung disease tested positive in ocular swab, however with mild/moderate ocular symptoms. In conclusion, our study lends further support to the view that overt ocular infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is not such a frequent occurrence.

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“…The presence of IgA in the tears suggests the potential shedding of the virus through tears and infectivity through tears and conjunctival secretions. 20 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This differs from other studies that show no correlation. 20 This can be explained by the idea that ocular symptoms could occur as an immune response and become more evident when there is a greater immune response in the form of virus/IgA interaction. Confirmation of this explanation requires further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA in the Conjunctival Secretions of COVID-19 Patients

Mahmoud¹,

Hamody²,

Hefny³

et al. 2021

OPTH

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Purpose: To assess the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA in the conjunctival secretions of confirmed COVID-19 patients by nasopharyngeal swabs and correlate its presence with the severity of the disease, patient's age, sex and ocular symptoms. Methods: This study included 44 positive COVID-19 patients confirmed with nasopharyngeal swabs during the period 17-28 February 2021 at Sohag Tropical Medicine Hospital. Tears and conjunctival secretions were examined for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA. Results: While non-reactive results are strongly correlated to low titre and vice versa, severity showed significant correlation with neither IgA reactivity nor titre. Meanwhile, IgA reactivity did not show significant correlation with either age or sex. The reactivity and IgA titre are correlated with ocular symptoms. Conclusion:The anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA could be found in ocular secretions in SARS-CoV -2 patients. There is no correlation with age or sex or severity of the disease; however, they are correlated with ocular symptoms.

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Anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgA Response in Tears of COVID-19 Patients

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis Is Associated With Symptoms Severity and Local Immune/Inflammatory Response in COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis Is Associated With Symptoms Severity and Local Immune/Inflammatory Response in COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ocular Involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in a Polish Cohort of COVID-19-Positive Patients

Evaluation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA in the Conjunctival Secretions of COVID-19 Patients

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